Country |
---|
Nepal
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Contacts
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment Standard)
Forest Area
Total Area (thousand ha) | Forest Area (thousand ha) | Percentage(%) | Other Stocked Land Area (thousand ha) |
---|---|---|---|
14,718 | 3,636 | 25 | 1,897 |
Forest Area by Year
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
14,718 | 3,636 | 25 | 1,897 |
Growing Stock
[thousand ha]
Total Stock (million㎥) | Stock per ha (㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock (million㎥) | Non-conifer Stock (million ㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
647 | 178 | - | - |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
100% | 0 | 0 |
Forest Classification
[thousand ha]
Primary Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
526 (14%) | 3,067 (84%) | 43 (1%) |
In 1957, the Nepalese government enacted a law for the nationalization of so-called private forests and duly nationalized all forests. The aim of the law was to deal with some large landowners (of mountains) who were indiscriminately clearing the land they owned every year. However, due to the government’s negligence after passing the law on nationalization without taking active follow-up action, there was fierce criticism from the people, and the government ultimately made an amendment to the Forestry Law in 1993, thereby dividing the country’s forests into 3 types — national forest, private forest, and protected area (national parks and watershed management), — in order to preserve the national territory and to manage the forests rationally.
Norway
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Norwegian Forest Research Institute (NISK)
The purpose of the NISK’s research is to promote the sustainable management and multi-purpose utilization of forests, with the main focus on the protection, use, and development of forests. The NISK also takes responsibility for transmitting the results of its research or information on the forestry industry and institutional and normal promotion.
Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory
NILI is an institution that draws up layers of earth creatures, forest vegetation, and national landscape resources.
Foundation for Nature Research and Cultural Heritage Research
This foundation provides expertise to related institutions and other institutions on ecological matters, cultural heritage research, and research on environmental protection.
Norwegian Institute of Wood Technology
This institute promotes the profit of wood working by disseminating information on the technical and economic aspects of forestry, etc.
Norwegian Pulp and Paper Research Institute
This institute conducts research and development on paper and pulp and disseminates technical and economic information.
Forest Institution
Norwegian Pulp and Paper Association This association is dedicated to strengthening trade domestically and internationally, and aims to facilitate the effective circulation.
Norwegian Sawmill Industries Association
There are around 200 sawmills across the country, mainly in rural areas, of which about 124 factories are registered as members of the association. The purpose of its establishment is the smooth supply of raw (wood) materials between members and the provision of information on the sawmill industry
Norwegian Forest Owners Federation
This is the nation’s largest cooperative group of forest owners. It has some 57,000 members and they own 3.6 million hectares of forest, accounting for about 55% of the country’s forest production land. The federation disseminates domestic and international information on markets, the distribution of forest and land, and agreements on wood trading prices, land use plans, and forest plans.
Norwegian Forestry Association
The purpose of this association, which is mainly for large-scale forest owners, is to carry out joint action related to the matters of common interest. Its headquarters are in Oslo, and it has branches in various provinces.
Norwegian National Forestry Association
This association of landowners manages 1/3 of the national territory. In other words, the management of forested land, wetlands, and grasslands in mountainous districts (high mountain areas and deep valleys). It also has administrative responsibility for Norway’s national parks in its capacity as a state-owned enterprise. It headquarters are in Namsos, and it is establishing regional offices across the country.
Norwegian Forestry Society
This society is a liberalized independent member organization dedicated to raising awareness of the various important issues faced by forests and to promoting excellent forest management. For example, it plays the role of discussing and resolving important issues in the forestry sector, as well as national promotion, regular forestry research publishing, and overseas development.
The Forest Extension Service Institute
This institute has the responsibility of guiding and promoting forestry, and discussing interests related to the forest industry. The institute is performing a short-term professional education training courses for forest owners, students majoring in forestry, forestry machinery workers, and other related professional groups, for a higher level of training. Especially, the institute helps to promote ecological understanding of the changes in the forest environment in each season to elementary and middle school students under the [Let’s Learn about Forests] program.
Women in Forestry
This group is an irregular organization formed to promote the participation of women in forestry issues and to contribute to forestry based on a consensus.
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment standard)
Forest Area
Total Area (thousand ha) | Forest Area (thousand ha) | Percentage (%) | Other Stocked Land Area (thousand ha) |
---|---|---|---|
32,380 | 10,065 | 33 | 2,703 |
Forest Area by Year
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
9,130 | 9,301 | 9,683 | 10,065 |
Growing Stock
[thousand ha]
Total Stock (million㎥) | Stock per ha (㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock (million ㎥) | Non-conifer Stock (million㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
987 | 98 | 753 | 234 |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
14% | 86% | 0 |
Forest Classification
[thousand ha]
Primary Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
223 (2%) | 8,367 (83%) | 1,475 (15%) |
Recent Main Forest Policy
New Forest Law (2006)
Wood Production National Strategy (2006)
Wood Innovation Plan (2006)
Bioenergy Program (2003)
Domestic Performance Evaluation on International Activity (2004)
Biodiversity Monitoring Program
New Zealand
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Forest Status
Forest Area
31% of the forested area of the national territory (8.3 million ha): natural forest, 6.4 million ha; artificial forest, 1.8 million ha
Growing Stock
Total Growing Stock: 5,216 million㎥, Average Growing Stock per ha: 221㎥
Area Classification
Natural Forest (24%), Artificial Forest (7%), Grassland (51%), Other (18%)
Natural forests are populated by native species, whereas artificial forests mostly contain imported species.
Species Distribution
Radiata Pine (90%), Douglas Fir (5%), other needle-leaf trees (2%), broad-leaf trees (3%)
Forest Possession and Management
Natural Forest: Government (77%), Owned by Private Individuals/Maoris (21%)
Artificial Forest: Government (4%), Local Government (3%), Private Forest (93%)
* Natural forests are populated by native tree species and are protected for the perpetuity of the conservation areas such as national parks and landscape protection areas
* 21% of natural forests are privately owned or owned by Maoris, of which less than 10% is used for the production of wood. In order for the owners of natural forests to produce wood, they have to carry out sustainable forest management according to the natural forest regulation (part IIIA) of the Forest Law introduced in 1993.
Forestry Industry
Export Status
Export Amount and Price (2010-2017)
Category | Status | Prospects | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
Wood | ||||||||
FOB Price (NZ$/㎥) | 18 | 132 | 114 | 119 | 125 | 127 | 132 | 140 |
Export Amount (1,000㎥) | 9,912 | 12,284 | 12,966 | 13,879 | 13,781 | 13,988 | 14,058 | 14,730 |
Lumber | ||||||||
FOB Price (NZ$/㎥) | 406 | 399 | 373 | 383 | 393 | 400 | 416 | 441 |
Export Amount (1,000㎥) | 1,942 | 2,010 | 2,047 | 2,066 | 2,066 | 2,066 | 2,066 | 2,066 |
Panel | ||||||||
FOB Price (NZ$/㎥) | 528 | 523 | 517 | 482 | 480 | 492 | 511 | 542 |
Export Amount (1,000㎥) | 806 | 898 | 955 | 964 | 995 | 1,025 | 1,025 | 1,025 |
Pulp | ||||||||
FOB Price (NZ$/㎥) | 724 | 795 | 682 | 590 | 571 | 579 | 602 | 639 |
Export Amount (1,000㎥) | 847 | 783 | 828 | 856 | 846 | 846 | 846 | 846 |
(Source) Situation and Outlook for Primary Industries, MPI, 2013
Export Amount and Average Price of Wood (As of March, 2013)
Import Status
Imports of forest products account for about 3.1% of all imported products of New Zealand; and, compared to last year, imports have decreased by 0.5%, recording a total of NZ$ 1400 million.
Import Amount and Price Status (As of the End of 2011)
Category | December 2011 | Compared to previous year (%) |
---|---|---|
Wood | ||
Import Amount (1,000㎥) | 4 | -4.0 |
Price (1,000 NZ$) | 3,672 | -6.9 |
Lumber | ||
Import Amount (1,000㎥) | 45 | 15.4 |
Price (1,000 NZ$) | 50,167 | -5.4 |
Panel | ||
Import Amount (1,000㎥) | 83 | 31.7 |
Price (1,000 NZ$) | 41,478 | 3.5 |
Pulp | ||
Import Amount (1,000㎥) | 19 | 0.0 |
Price (1,000 NZ$) | 18,100 | -8.3 |
(Source) 2011 Forestry Production and Trade - Quarterly Releases
Main Policies
Domestic level standard and indicators applied
FIDA, Forest Industry Development Agenda
New Zealand Forest Certification System
Main Recent News in the Forestry Field
New Zealand: Conclusion of and MOU on the prevention of illegal logging with Australia (August 21, 2012)
Rotorua Forest Safety Summit (Nov. 26-27, 2013)
Keep Kauri Standing, Stop Kauri Dieback Disease Spreading (Crisis of parts of the hiking trails being closed for the preservation of the Kauri trees)
NZ ETS participation in the PFSI (Permanent Forest Sink Initiative)
※ PFSI: This system was introduced to compensate people who newly create a permanent forest out of land where there was no forest before the 1990s.
Taiwan
Forest Administration System
According to the Constitution of Taiwan, forestry and forestry related work is performed by the central government and the validity of it is on the central government or regional government. Therefore, when we look at the forestry administration system, which is configured with the Forest Law as its foundation, usually the Department of Forestry is placed under the central administrative agency and is in charge of all forestry work. At the provincial office and city level, the Department of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Forestry Construction, and Department of Construction are in charge of forestry.
Organization Chart
Homepage and Contacts
Forest Status
National Forest Area
[unit : ha]
Total Area | Percentage (%) | Forest Land | Non-stocked Land |
---|---|---|---|
1,538,069 | 100.00 | 1,418,403 | 119,666 |
National Forest Growing Stock
[unit: ㎥]
Total Area | Natural Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
284,549,762 | 215,255,257 | 69,294,505 |
National Forest Growing Stock by Forest Type (As of 2010)
[unit : ㎥]
Total Area | Conifer Forest | Mixed Forest | Non-conifer Forest | Bamboo Malt Clum | Bamboo Shrub |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
284,549,762 | 93,555,000 | 103,628,519 | 87,366,243 | 187,216,716 | 5,739,176 |
National Forest Growing Stock by Use (As of 2010)
[unit : ㎥]
Wood Management Area | National Protected Area | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Natural Forest | Plantation | Total | Natural Forest | Plantation |
40,370,470 | 24,068,019 | 16,302,451 | 86,272,846 | 67,833,748 | 18,439,098 |
Protected Forest Area (As of 2010)
[unit : ha]
Scenic Forest | Sculpture Protective Forest | Flood Preventive Forest | Fish Luring Forest | Rock fall Preventive Forest | Health Promotive Forest | Protected Forest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13,472 | 314 | 201 | 4,727 | 25 | 311 | 78 |
Forest-related Law
※ Source: Taiwan Forestry Bureau Homepage (2010 data)
Laos
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Organization Chart
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment Standard)
Forest Area
[Area: thousand ha]
Total Area | Forest Area | Percentage (%) | Other Stocked Land Area |
---|---|---|---|
23,680 | 15,751 | 68 | 4,834 |
Forest Area by Year
[Area: thousand ha]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
17,314 | 16,532 | 16,142 | 15,751 |
Growing Stock
Total Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha(㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock(million ㎥) | Non-conifer Stock(million ㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
929 | 59 | - | - |
Forest Ratio by Ownership (%)
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
100% | 0 | 0 |
Forest Classification
[thousand ha]
Primary Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
1,490 (9%) | 14,037 (89%) | 224 (1%) |
Main Policies
Priority forestry tasks for the eradication of poverty include the improvement of existing forested regions, the sustainable circulation of forestry products, the preservation of rare species and habitats, and the preservation of the environment including the protection of soil and watersheds.
Russia
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Organization Chart
Russia’s forest management organization has been reformed many times, and there is strong demand for the establishment of a new Ministry of Forestry. The regional Forestry Agency is the regional executive agency of forest administration, and the regional management agency under the regional Forestry Agency is in charge of forest administration by region. In September 2010, the regional Forestry Agency was designated as an independent agency of the Russian regional government, and the head of Federal Forestry Agency is appointed by the Russian regional government. The activities of the regional forestry agencies are regulated by the Forestry Agency statutes (No.736, 2010.09.23) and other basic statutes.
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment Standard)
Forest Area
[unit: thousand ha]
Total Area | Forest Area | Percentage(%) | Other Stocked Land Area |
---|---|---|---|
1,709,824 | 809,090 | 49 | 73,220 |
Forest Area by Year
[unit: thousand ha]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
808,950 | 809,269 | 808,790c | 809,090 |
Growing Stock
Total Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha(㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock(million ㎥) | Non-conifer Stock(million ㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
81,523 | 101 | 61,570 | 19,952 |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
100% | 0 | 0 |
Forest Classification
[unit: thousand ha]
Primary Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
256,482 (32%) | 535,618 (66%) | 16,991 (2%) |
Forest Damage and Preservation Prospects
Cause of Forest Ecosystem Damages
Preservation Status of the Forest Ecosystem
Russia has a large forest area and lots of primeval forest unaltered by humans, so lots of precious forest ecosystem is spread out. Compared to tropical forests or temperate forests, the diversity of creatures is not high but there are lots of ecosystems that can easily be destroyed by human interference or other outside factors, so much caution must be exercised.
If we look at the area by the main protected sections, in the case of the Zapovednik, which has a IUCN preservation grade of Ia, is about 34.2 million ha and has primeval forest and unique forest that has been there for a few hundred years, making it a very important region worldwide as well. The main protected areas besides this are as follows. (the numbers to the right show the IUCN preservation grade)
The forest resources of far eastern Russia
The forest of far eastern Russia is a total of 6.2 million㎢ and comprises about 36% of all Russia. The population is 7 million and takes up only 5% of Russia.
Main Forest Policy Field
Malaysia
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Organization Chart
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment Standard)
Forest Area
[unit : thousand ha]
Total Area | Forest Area | Percentage(%) | Other Stocked Land Area |
---|---|---|---|
32,974 | 20,456 | 62 | 12,399 |
Forest Area by Year
[unit: thousand ha]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
22,376 | 21,591 | 20,890c | 20,456 |
Growing Stock
Total Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha(㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock(million㎥) | Non-conifer Stock(million㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
4,239 | 209 | - | - |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
98% | 2% | 0 |
Forest Classification
[thousand ha]
Primary Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
3,820 (19%) | 14,829 (72%) | 1,807 (9%) |
Main Policies
Emphasized Enforcement Items Status (indicated on the forest law amended in 1992)
Mongolia
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment Standard)
Forest Area
Total Area (thousand ha) | Forest Area (thousand ha) | Percentage (%) | Other Stocked Land Area (thousand ha) |
---|---|---|---|
156,650 | 10,898 | 7 | 1,947 |
Forest Area by year
[thousand ha]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
12,536 | 11,717 | 11,308 | 10,898 |
Growing Stock
[unit: thousand ha]
Total Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha(㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock(million ㎥) | Non-conifer Stock(million ㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
7,426 | 131 | 1,336 | 90 |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
100% | 0 | 0 |
Forest Classification
[thousand ha]
Primary Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
5,152(47%) | 5,601(51%) | 145(1%) |
National Territory and Position
Mongolia is on a very high region and is a plateau country at about 1,600m above sea level. The terrain is high to the west and low to the east. According to the statistics from 1967, the highest point is Moen Hairhan Mountain (4,366m) of the western Altai Mountain range, and the lowest point is the eastern Dornod area at 552m. There is a large prairie suitable for livestock farming from the middle to the east of the country and as you go west, with land being higher and steeper but even in this region.
From the northwest to the southeast, the two mountain ranges of Mogol Altai, Govi Altai preside in the central area, the Khangai and Khentii mountain ranges have a moderate height, and in the north are the Tanul and Sayan mountain ranges. The water system contains the Selenge River that flows through the northern region, the Onon River that flows through the eastern region, the Tuul River that flows around the capital of Ulaanbaatar, the Orkhon river that flows north across the central region, and the Zavkhan River, Tes River, Hovd River, and Ider River of the western region are significant rivers.
The flow speed of the rivers is comparatively fast and the water is clear and cold. The climate is a normal continental climate that has hot summers and cold winters, with hot summers having no humidity due to the inland location, meaning it is bearable compared to the heat of Korea, and the coldness of the winter has temperatures dropping to -40℃ even around the capital of Ulaanbaatar. Spring is comprised of the two months of May and June, and around this time the beauty of the Mongolian grasslands draw tourists. However, the difference in the atmospheric pressure is severe and there are sudden winds, causing coldness. September and October is a period when the atmosphere is the most stable. There is little precipitation and there is about 350mm of rainfall annually.
Forest Status
The forest of Mongolia is spread out following the border with Russia mainly in the northern region, and this is where the Siberian taiga forest changes to the Central Asia steppe. In 2003, the total forest area was 18.3 million ha and 12.9 million ha, with 8.1% of the national territory as dense forest. The forest area excluding the shrubbery is 10.5 million ha, which is 6.7% of the territory. According to current FAO statistics, the forest resources of Mongolia are comparably low. The total growing stock is 1,400 million㎥ and the yearly growth is 12 million㎥. 58% of the Mongolian forest resources are categorized as special forest or protected forests.
Tree Type Distribution by Region
Tree Type | Region | ||
---|---|---|---|
Central | Western | Eastern | |
Larch | 54 | 94 | 66 |
Pine | 16 | - | 10 |
Cedar | 12 | 6 | 12 |
Spruce | 3 | - | - |
Birch | 13 | - | 12 |
Forest Policy
National Forest Policy and Legal Basis
Between 1995 and 2003, Mongolia chose new forest-related laws such as forest laws, wood and fuelwood-yielding-related laws, forest fire prevention laws, and wood product custom acts. In 1992, through a constitutional revision, individual ownership was made possible but the 1994 land law continued the state ownership of all land permitting individual ownership and use. The forest law regulates the policy on forest protection, use, and restoration, and defines the role of the central government and local government.
All protected forests are state-owned and the nation can give the use right and use conditions of protected forests to the citizens, economic institutions, and agencies. The environmental protection law of Mongolia is defined as an economic institution or agency that has received the protection and use right of forests, animals, the water supply, and mineral resources from the “certified institution”.
National Forest Plan
The main purpose of forest resource management of Mongolia is the protection of the original forests and developing them so they can contribute to the preservation of the ecosystem such as soil and watersheds. Therefore, with the sustainable development and ecological soundness as the basis, the national forest plan was established with the purpose of establishing a forest policy and guidelines for the cultivation of capacity of forest protection, reasonable use, and restoration. The first national forest plan was in effect from 2001 to 2005, the second from 2006 to 2010, and the third from 2011 to 2015; a total of 3 stages and has the same purpose as the following.
Reforestation
The reforestation business was included in central country planning from 1971 but the total afforested area of 88,000 ha, is only 30% of the felled area. Forest businesses such as prevention of desertification, erosion control projects, and improvement of species of trees is not being performed enough due to lack of funds. For the restoration of the felled area, there is a method of tree-planting with natural reproduction but the result is not satisfactory and there is a problem of simplification of the forest into only having birch and poplar species and in regions with a climate has the worry of being changed to grasslands. According to the original law, the lumber Jill has to perform afforestation for the felled land, and most small companies are violating this regulation.
The main afforestation species are pine trees and larches, and the afforestation success rate of seedlings is reported to be 30~70%. The reasons for the low survival rate are seen to be technological factors such as vulnerable afforestation environment such as climate, poor seedling quality, and neglect of management. This is a period in which technology development and expansion of research for afforestation is needed. When moving forward with development and research, foreign investment and technology transfer is necessary.
Forest Industry
The wood yielded from the 32 thousand ha between 1940 and 2000 is 43.8 million㎥. With the economic reform in 1990 as a start, various issues such as economic conditions, natural growth rate, and low reforestation rate are considered, and the allowed felling amount per year was decreased to 1 million㎥. The current yearly felling amount of 2003 was about 58 thousand㎥and most of it is used for the domestic use of wood and wood products, and a small amount is exported.
Due to old equipment and worn-out processing techniques, the development of the wood yielding industry and processing industry is sluggish. In 1989, the forestry area that made up 4.7% of the total domestic production decreased to 0.25% in 1998, and since the economic social basis was not established, the protection of the forest and harmonious wood use is difficult. This situation increases the costs for the forest business and decreases the size of the industry, in addition to other negative effects.
In the beginning of 1990, the Mongolian government changed the economy from a centralized economic system to a free market system. The companies of national ownership were privatized and there were many changes done to forestry such as the large size industrial enterprise being changed to small size individual production industries. These kinds of small production industries and the original public enterprises were reconstructed into corporations. New individual companies also grew a lot, which showed better results financially and technologically, and the productivity and quality were also improved. The role of the private sector will be enlarged in the protection, use, preservation, and reforestation of forests.
* Source: Data provided by Mongolia at the 6th Korea-Mongolia Forestry Cooperation Conference in Oct. 2010
USA
General Status
The area of the US territory was 914,742 thousand ha in 2010, and forested area makes up 33% of this at 304,022 thousand ha – 33% 33% - and out of this, the wood production forest area is 66.5% of this at 198,123 thousand ha. It is important to point out that the statistics about the growing stock by the US government only investigate and reports wood production forests. The forest stock of wood product is a total of 22,233 million㎥ (112㎥/ha) and if we look at this by ownership, the land under the ministry of forestry is 5,978 million㎥ (174㎥/ha), and other national and common forest of 2,348 million㎥ (124㎥/ha), and private forest of 13,907 million㎥ (96㎥/ha), and we can see that the forest management of the forest under the forest Service is being done well.
USDA Forest Service Organization Chart
Central Office
The USDA Forest Service is under the US Department of Agriculture and is in Washington, D.C. At the headquarters, under the Chief, it is operated by five Deputy Chiefs.
National Forest System Regions and Regional Laboratory
9 National Forest System Regions
Region-1 | Rocky Mountain Region | Region-6 | Pacific Northwest Region |
---|---|---|---|
Region-2 | Northern Region | Region-8 | Southern Region |
Region-3 | Southwestern Region | Region-9 | Eastern Region |
Region-4 | Intermountain Region | Region-10 | Alaska Region |
Region-5 | Pacific Southwest Region |
There is a separate state/private forest administration office in the Northeastern Region where there are many private forests.
According to the local ecological characteristics, the jurisdiction areas designated and the forest research institutions (5 regions: Pacific Northwest Region, Pacific Southwest Region, Eastern, Southern, Rocky Mountains) are placed. In order to maximize the use of forest products, a forest products laboratory is being operated, and for the professional research on tropical forests, the International Institute of Tropical Timber is being operated.
National forest, private forest management system
The organization system of national forest management is of the four stages of: Forest Service ⇒ National Forest System Regions ⇒ National Forest ⇒ Regional Management Station
The private forest management is managed by each State (Division of Forestry) in principle
Forest Status (Source: FAO 2011 Global Forest Resources Assessment)
Forest Area: 304,022 thousand ha (constitutes 33% of the national territory)
Wood Forest: 198,123 thousand ha (66.5% of the forest area)
Area | Southern Region | Western Region | Northern Region |
---|---|---|---|
Percentage Occupied | 40% | 28% | 32% |
Forest Stock: 22,233 million ㎥ (112㎥/ha)
The statistics about the growing stock of the US government are only investigated and announced for wood forests
By Ownership | Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha (㎥/ha) |
---|---|---|
Under the Forest Service | 5,978 | 174 |
Other Public Forest | 2,348 | 124 |
Private Forest | 13,907 | 96 |
Status by Ownership (* Source: USDA Forest Service data) (unit: million ha)
By Type and Ownership | US total | Northern region | Southern region | Western region |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 309 | 71 | 98 | 140 |
Wood Forest | 210 | 67 | 84 | 58 |
Protected Forest | 29 | 2 | 1 | 25 |
Other Forest | 69 | 0.5 | 12 | 56 |
National Forest | 463 | 4 | 5 | 48 |
Wood Forest | 39 | 4 | 4 | 30 |
Protected Forest | 10 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 9 |
Other Forest | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Other Public Forest | 71 | 14 | 8 | 49 |
Wood Forest | 25 | 11 | 6 | 7 |
Protected Forest | 19 | 2 | 1 | 15 |
Other Forest | 27 | 0 | 2 | 26 |
Private company Forest | 59 | 11 | 26 | 21 |
Wood Forest | 44 | 11 | 24 | 8 |
Protected Forest | 0 | - | 0 | 0 |
Other forest | 14 | 0 | 1 | 12 |
Private Non-commercial Forest | 120 | 40 | 59 | 20 |
Wood Forest | 100 | 40 | 49 | 11 |
Protected Forest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other Forest | 19 | 0.2 | 10 | 0 |
Forest biomass carbon stock and change
Stock (million ton) | Stock by ha (ton/ha) | |
---|---|---|
Carbon stock amount | 19,308 | 64 |
Production, trade, and consumption of Wood Fuel, Industrial wood, lumber
Unit(1,000㎥) | Production | Imports | Exports | Consumption |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wood Fuel | 43,614 | 122 | 220 | 43,515 |
Industrial Wood | 336,895 | 1,430 | 10,200 | 328,152 |
Lumber | 72,869 | 22,136 | 3,703 | 91,303 |
Myanmar
National Territory and Position
Myanmar, which is spread from north to south in the northwest area of the Indochina peninsula, has a territory of 676,570 thousand ha (3 times larger than the Korean peninsula) and a population of 42,510 thousand people (2003). The main tribe is the Myanmar tribe (78%), with other various people such as the mon tribe. This nation was liberated from England on January 4, 1948, and the capital is Yangon (320 million people). The old name Burma was changed in 1989 to Myanmar. On the west side, the Indian Ocean touches China to the northeast, Thailand and Laos to the east, and India to the northwest.
Forest-related Organization
Forest Administration
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment Standard)
Forest Area
[unit: Area-thousand ha, Ratio-%]
Total Area | Forest Area | Ratio | Other Stocked Land Area |
---|---|---|---|
67,658 | 31,773 | 48 | 20,113 |
Forest Area by Year
[unit: thousand ha]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
39,218 | 34,868 | 33,321 | 31,773 |
Growing Stock
[unit: thousand ha]
Total Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha(㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock(million ㎥) | Non-conifer Stock(million ㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
1,430 | 45 | - | - |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
[unit: %]
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
100% | 0 | 0 |
Forest Classification
[unit: thousand ha]
Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
3,192 (10%) | 27,593 (87%) | 988 (3%) |
Forest Policy
The forest policy of Myanmar in 1995 pursues the sustainable development of forest resources for society, environment, and economy. The policy focuses on the following issues.
Forest-related Law
The 1902 forest law was amended in 1992, and it has importance in terms of the current forest protection, forest land management, artificial forest afforestation, production and use of forest products, and establishment of forest project. The wild animal and plant protection law established in 1936 was amended in 1994. This law manages the designation of protected areas, establishment of zoos and botanical gardens, protection of wild animals and plants, hunting permission, and performance of research.
Teak Forest Special Project
The Teak Forest Special Project was started in 1998 in addition to the Teak Forest Normal Project. The income rotation is 40 years; when the period is finished, all the trees are cut down. Every year, about 8,100 ha teak plantation is formed. After the income rotation, 324,000 ha of plantation will have been formed. The main purpose of the plantation is to ease the production of Teak in the natural forest, restore the waste land, and stabilize international teak trade through the increase in Teak wood production. Besides production from intermediate thinning, from 2037, 1.8 million㎥ is expected to be produced.
Dry Region Plantation
In the dry region of the middle region of Myanmar, an afforestation project was started for environmental tree planting, providing some forest resources to the regional habitants such as wood and fuel wood and restoring the wasted forest region. By 2001, about 53,750 ha was afforested.
Middle Dry Region Afforestation
Since the middle region of Myanmar is experiencing desertification due to a vulnerable atmosphere, a tree planting project was started in the 1960s. In 1997, the government established a department of dry region tree planting, and this department is in charge of important work such as establishment of plantation for tree planting, protection of leftover natural forest, promotion of substitution of wood fuel, and development of water sources. Currently, the department of dry region tree planting is aggressively implementing tree planting projects in 14 places.
Preservation of Biodiversity
In 1860, King Mindon established the wild animals and plants protection zone spanning 7,100ha, suggesting that Myanmar has a deep history of preserving biodiversity. According to the forest policy of 1995, regulation was carried out so that the nature protection zone network would be expanded to 5% of the national territory. At the end of 2003, there were 27 stations of wild animals and plants protection zones and 6 national parks established, and they account for up to 4.2% of the national territory. With the expansion of the protection zone, ecotourism plays an important part. The ministry of forestry designated 15 wildlife protection zones to promote the foundation establishment project, introduce native and foreign species, and establish a buffer zone, making efforts for the improvement of recreation and scenery.
Environment Restoration Project
Started in 1977, the afforestation project across the country is promoting civilian participation in afforestation. The ministry of forestry is providing 17 million seedlings every year. About 2 million people in Myanmar’s rural areas are doing moving cultivation, so there is difficulty in carrying out sustainable forest management. Considering this, the ministry of forestry is introducing various projects. The watershed plantation started in 1980, and the ministry of forestry and department of dry region tree planting have afforested 11,500 ha until 2002. Myanmar has a seacoast of about 2,000km facing the Bengal Sea. This region is made up mainly of mangroves; from the 1990s, however, due to excess felling, the mangrove forest area was reduced to half. Currently, a Mangrove restoration project is underway in the Ayeyawady region.
Sustainable Forest Management
Myanmar is establishing long-term and short-term plans to manage the forests, and the current plan covers the period 1996 ~ 2006. The government has established long-term plans with a 30-year period (2001~2031) with the national forest basic plan and dry region tree planting plan. Two model forests were established and are being run. The two places have both been established as a joint project with the Japanese NGOs. The Okwin model forest was established in 1998 by cooperating with the Japanese foreign forestry cooperation committee, and the Paukkhaung model forest was started in 1999 as a joint project with the Japanese international forestry promotion and cooperation center. The Paikkhaung model forest was operated for 5 years before it was integrated into a regional model forest supported by the Japanese government and implemented by FAO. Myanmar completed the development of national standard and indicator for sustainable forest management in 1999 and had it approved by the ministry of forestry. Based on the ITTO standard and indicator, there are 7 standards and 78 indicators and 257 kinds of necessary activities.
Investment Conditions for the Myanmar Woodworking Project
Forest Status
※ Source: Myanmar Forestry Booklet “Forestry in Myanmar” (published in 2003)
Brazil
Territory and Location
General National Status
Political Status
Economic Status
Trade Size('09 standard)
Relationship with Korea
Main State of Affairs and Policies
Related Department
Ministry of Environment Organization Chart
Forest Status
Forest Area and Resources
* Main tree types : Eucalyptus (MAI: 30~55㎥/ha), Pine Tree (MAI: 10~30㎥/ha)
* There are about 55,000 types of Brazilian plants, about 30% of which are endemic species
Change Amount of Forest Area Quantity
[thousand ha]
1990-2010 | 2000-2010 |
---|---|
-2,890 (-0.5%) | -2,642 (-0.5%) |
Forest Biomass Carbon Stock
[million tons]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
68,119 | 65.304 | 63,679 | 62,607 |
Ratio of GDP from the forest field
[million US$]
Log Production | Wood Processing | Pulp and Paper | Total Forest Area |
---|---|---|---|
18,198 | 3,953 | 6,055 | 28,206 (2.8% of GDP) |
* Refer to the 2011 FAO data
Main Characteristics
For the production of bioethanol, Japan is investing intensively in the sugar cane farms of Brazil.
Trade Status
Imports(Brazil→Korea)
[unit:ton, thousand$]
Item | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | |
Total | - | 53.3 | - | 90.5 | - | 312.4 | - | 722.3 |
Wood | - | 34.1 | - | 55.4 | - | 171.9 | - | 623.9 |
Wood Case | 25.4 | 19.2 | 39.6 | 49.5 | 108.3 | 157.6 | 522.8 | 546.2 |
Fiberboard | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | 0.1 | 59.4 |
Particleboard | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.02 | 17.3 |
Others | - | 15.0 | - | 5.9 | - | 13.1 | - | 1.0 |
Stone | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.8 |
Processed Stone | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.8 |
Short-term Forest Products | 1.5 | 19.1 | 2.7 | 35.1 | 7.7 | 140.0 | 6.3 | 97.6 |
Wallpaper | 1.4 | 18.0 | 2.7 | 33.6 | 7.7 | 140.0 | 6.3 | 97.6 |
Main) The quantity of single plates, wood, and plywood is thousand㎥
Exports(Korea→Brazil)
[unit:tons, thousand$]
Item | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | |
Total | - | 53.3 | - | 90.5 | - | 312.4 | - | 722.3 |
Wood | - | 34.1 | - | 55.4 | - | 171.9 | - | 623.9 |
Wooden Case | 25.4 | 19.2 | 39.6 | 49.5 | 108.3 | 157.6 | 522.8 | 546.2 |
Fiberboard | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | 0.1 | 59.4 |
Particleboard | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.02 | 17.3 |
Others | - | 15.0 | - | 5.9 | - | 13.1 | - | 1.0 |
Stone | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.8 |
Processed Stone | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.8 |
Short-term Forest Products | 1.5 | 19.1 | 2.7 | 35.1 | 7.7 | 140.0 | 6.3 | 97.6 |
Wallpaper | 1.4 | 18.0 | 2.7 | 33.6 | 7.7 | 140.0 | 6.3 | 97.6 |
Main) The quantity of single plates, wood, and plywood is thousand㎥
Vietnam
Forest Status
Vietnam’s forests consist of various ecosystems with about 8 kinds of forests. The species of animals and plants are also highly diversified, and there are new animals found even though there are 8,000 plants, 275 animal species, 180 reptiles, and 80 amphibians. Forestry and forest products play a very important role in the economic development of Vietnam. The forest area covers 17.9 million ha (38.7% of the national territory of 33 million ha, or 2.7 times larger than the Korean forest area); stocked land spans 13 million ha (natural forest covering 10.3 million ha, artificial forest covering 2.7 million ha), and non-stocked land accounts for 4.8 million ha (to be afforested land). The total growing stock is 813.3. million㎥, 94% of which is natural forest and 6% is artificial forest. The average growing stock amount is 76.5㎥/ha of natural forest and 40.6㎥/ha of artificial forest. The forest area per person is 0.15 ha, and the growing stock per person is reported to be 9.16㎥.
Vietnam’s forests are composed largely of 14% special forests, 34% production forests, and 52% protected forest, with about 4.8 million ha of non-stocked land, which is a candidate for afforestation. The main purpose of afforestation led by the Vietnamese government can be divided into forest tree planting for the protection of nature and afforestation for special purposes. From 1943 to 1995, acts ranging from the Vietnamese War that destroyed forests with defoliant, bombing, and bulldozers, forest opening for obtaining food, to illegal felling made the forest area decrease every year by 117,307 ha. Thanks to the afforestation efforts of the Vietnamese government, however, the forest area increased every year from 1995 to 2005 by 203,100 ha.
Forest Classification
[unit: ha]
Category | Total | Forest Planned Region | Unplanned Area | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Special Forest | Protected Forest | Production Forest | |||
Total | 17,917,751 | 2,305,081 | 6,605,497 | 8,604,934 | 402,239 |
1. Stocked land | 13,118,773 | 2,061,675 | 4,739,236 | 6,199,294 | 118,568 |
1) Natural forest | 10,348,591 | 1,984,587 | 4,168,117 | 4,170,374 | 25,514 |
A. Tree forest | 8,221,164 | 1,542,447 | 3,297,495 | 3,365,631 | 15,591 |
B. Bamboo forest | 641,331 | 60,692 | 184,125 | 392,788 | 3,726 |
C. Mixed forest | 687,080 | 127,585 | 233,041 | 323,910 | 2,544 |
D. Mangrove forest | 59,760 | 13,876 | 41,368 | 4,480 | 36 |
E. Limestone forest | 739,255 | 239,987 | 412,088 | 83,564 | 3,617 |
2) Artificial forest | 2,770,182 | 77,088 | 571,120 | 2,028,920 | 93,054 |
A. Already formed land | 1,305,172 | 46,520 | 323,568 | 918,764 | 16,320 |
B. New plantation | 1,155,132 | 25,787 | 209,938 | 879,348 | 40,069 |
C. Bamboo forest | 89,847 | 200 | 6,184 | 83,314 | 149 |
D. Special forest | 207,122 | 3,472 | 24,254 | 146,790 | 32,607 |
E. Mangrove forest | 12,909 | 1,109 | 7,177 | 704 | 3,920 |
2. Non-stocked land | 4,798,978 | 243,406 | 1,866,261 | 2,405,640 | 283,671 |
1) Grassland | 1,447,466 | 61,668 | 663,125 | 704,425 | 18,248 |
2) Shrub land | 1,304,691 | 70,706 | 473,010 | 712,355 | 48,620 |
3) Sprouts | 1,467,803 | 96,094 | 557,721 | 790,961 | 23,027 |
4) Limestone region | 182,976 | 2,630 | 77,698 | 51,417 | 51,231 |
5) Sand region and marsh | 396,038 | 12,308 | 94,704 | 146,481 | 142,545 |
※ Source : MARD(2009)
Forest Area Change
[unit: 1,000ha]
Category | 1943 | 1976 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 14,300 | 11,196 | 10,608 | 9,891 | 9,175 | 9,302 | 10,915 | 12,306 | 13,118 |
Natural Forest | - | 11,076 | 10,016 | 9,308 | 8,430 | 8,252 | 9,444 | 10,088 | 10,348 |
Artificial Forest | - | 92 | 422 | 583 | 744 | 1,047 | 1,471 | 2,218 | 2,770 |
※ Source : FIPI(1995), National Forest Investigation(2000), MARD(2009)
Main afforestation tree type
The department of agriculture and rural areas divided the country in March 2005 into 9 ecological zones and announced the recommended species of trees for each region (Decision No. 16/2005/QD-BNN). At the actual site, Eucalyptus and Acacia are mainly planted. The average yearly growth is about 4m3/ha, which is faster than Korea.
Forest Administration
Forest Administration Organization
The forest-related policy and institution are the most important factors that affect the forest industry and forest environment of Vietnam. The government institutions related to the forestry of Vietnam can be divided into 4 stages. Each stage is composed of the central government, 64 provinces and directly controlled municipalities, 600 districts, and 10,000 communes. Each regional government is under the management of the main government. The central government had Vietnam’s department of forestry integrated into MARD in 1995 to oversee issues in the forest area, and this is directed by the ministry of forestry and ministry of forest protection. Currently, the ministry of agricultural and rural development is composed of 16 counties, 1 committee, 25 institutions, 35 educational institutions, and 18 public enterprises. As the main public institution, it has the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) and the Forest Science Institute of Vietnam (FSIV).
At the province level, the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD) and Forest Protection sub-Departments (FPsD) are two institutions operated under the management of the Provincial People’s Committee (PPC). There are 530 employees at DARD and 1,300 employees at FPsD.
At the county level, under the County People’s Committee, the Economic Division on MARD manages the forest, with the Forest Protection Unit being operated in some counties. There are a total of 424 forest protection units with 3,500 workers.
Organization Chart
Homepage and Contacts
Forest Policy
Forest Tree Planting Policy
The Vietnamese government established the forest policy with tree planting as the focus. The two main policies are Program 327 and 5MHRP. Vietnam started the national preservation strategy from 1984, and it is working hard in terms of tree planting. The goal of this strategy is to increase the forest coverage rate and enhance the quality of soil and water sources and control floods. As a sustainable forest-related policy from 1993 to 1998, Program 327 contributed to the sharp increase in the forest area of Vietnam to 700 thousand ha of natural restoration and artificial afforestation of 640 thousand ha. 5MHRP had the goal of 5 million ha of afforestation as a sustainable project on production forest formation with 2 million ha of forest protected region tree planting and 3 million ha from 1998 to 2010, succeeding Program 327. In the case of the 5 million ha forest formation, through the protection of the existing forests (9.3 million ha), the forest area ratio increased from 28% to 43%, meeting the goals of environment protection and preservation of genetic resources and biodiversity, contributing to the employment of about 2 million people, and increasing the income of the residents near the forests. Economically, 15 million㎥ of wood, 10 million㎥ of fuel wood, and 1 million tons of pulp wood and 1 million㎥ of lumber meet the raw materials demand per year, and the rest can be exported.
Policy for the Development of the Forest Industry
Vietnam is rapidly changing from a wood exporting to a forest products exporting nation. As a result, the 2007 forest product export amount was 2.37 billion USD. Furthermore, the goal for 2010 was 3 billion USD. The wood production volume cannot keep up with the speed of development of the forest industry, so the demand is not being met. The government strictly prohibits the felling of natural forests; by keeping the focus of forest management policy on natural environment protection instead of forest production, Vietnamese forestry steadily started to depend on imports. Here, the government newly established an afforestation policy for wood production; in order to meet the export goal of forest products in 2010, 1 billion USD worth of wood must be imported. This accounts for about 80% of the expected use rate of wood. Recently, the wood processing export business has rapidly developed as shown by the increase from 2.05 billion USD in 2006 to 2.8 billion in 2008. Note, however, that the yield of the companies is seen to be decreasing; this is deemed mainly attributable to the raw material supply problem, wherein about 80% of the raw material is imported. In Vietnam, 4 million㎥ of wood is being produced, but the use of domestically produced wood is limited to pulps and woodchips for exportation. This is mainly due to the fact that the quality of the wood is low, and the industrial infrastructure for Vietnam processing is weak. In order to address these problems, the government is exploring various policies.
Use of Forest Products
Export Statistics of Vietnam Forest Products
[unit: million USD]
Category | 1966 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 61 | - | 108 | 78,4 | 317,3 | 442,3 | 573,6 | 721,7 | 1,252,1 | 1,700 |
Wood | 61 | - | 108 | - | 219 | 334 | 435 | 567 | 1,054 | 1,500 |
Short-term revenue forest product |
- | - | - | 78.4 | 98.3 | 108.3 | 138.6 | 154.7 | 198.1 | 200 |
※ Source : MARD(2006)
As seen in the table above, from 2001 to 2003, about 3 million㎥ of wood, 500 thousand tons of bamboo, and 20 thousand tons of short-term revenue forest products were collected from the Vietnamese forest and exported. According to the biodiversity investigation data of Vietnam, the economic value of biodiversity created from agriculture forestry and fisheries resources reaches 2 billion USD. The ratio of forestry in the Vietnamese economy is 1% of GDP, 2% of the imports of the entire nation, and 10% of the export amount from 1986 to 1989. The supply amount of raw materials for the production of wooden pulps is directly connected with the planned afforestation amount. Currently, the wood that is used for the pulp industry is being produced in artificial forests and natural forests, but the felling of natural forest is limited; hence the trend of encouraging artificial forests. The domestic lumber demand of Vietnam is expected to reach 3.6 million㎥ in 2010; with the increase of demand in Vietnam, the importance of afforestation is also growing.
Expected Demand for Lumber and Processed Products of Vietnam
[unit: 1,000㎥]
Category | 2003 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | Yearly Increase Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lumber | 2,211 | 3,588 | 5,009 | 6,991 | 7 |
MDF | 40 | 79 | 117 | 166 | 7~8 |
Particleboard | 80 | 147 | 215 | 312 | 8~9 |
Panel | 22 | 18 | 26 | 37 | 7~9 |
※ Source : MARD(2006)
Vietnam’s Paper Demand Estimate
[unit: 1,000ton]
Category | 2003 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | Yearly Increase Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 970 | 1,767 | 2,674 | 4,057 | 9~11 |
For newspapers | 54 | 92 | 133 | 192 | 8~9 |
For offices | 159 | 295 | 451 | 690 | 9~11 |
Cardboard | 690 | 1,240 | 1,880 | 2,856 | 9~11 |
Others | 75 | 138 | 209 | 318 | 9~11 |
※ Source : MARD(2006)
※ Source : Practical guide to foreign forest investment, January 2010 (Vietnam), Green Project
Sweden
Climate
Due to the effect of the Mexican turbulence flowing across the west coast of the Scandinavian peninsula, the climate is warmer than a high latitude point. Note, however, that the temperature difference of North and South is severe. The average temperature of February is -29.9℃ in the north, -3.1℃ in the central region, and -0.7℃ in the south; that in July is 12.8℃ in the north, 17.8℃ in the central region, and 17.2℃ in the south. Moreover, in the Lapland region of the north, the sun cannot be seen between the beginning of December to the middle of January; during summer, however, the sun is up the whole time for about 2 months.
Forest Status
The total national territory area of Sweden is 41,034 thousand ha, 28,203 thousand ha (69%) of which is forest, 10% is field, 17% is housing, and 9% is lakes and rivers, with others accounting for 31%. This country manages the forests by dividing the regions into 4 distinctive areas with different geographical and vegetation states.
Forest Area by Ownership
Category | Ratio | Remarks |
---|---|---|
National forest | 24% | Total population: 9,205 thousand people 3.064ha/1 by person |
Company forest | 22% | |
Private forest | 54% |
Growing Stock by Tree Type
Category | Ratio | Remarks |
---|---|---|
Norway Spruce | 24% | Total stock: 3358million ㎥ per 119㎥/ha |
Scotch Pine | 39% | |
Non-conifer | 12% |
2008 New afforestation and reforestation (A/R), forest specified (D), forest management (FM) action status
Afforestation/Reforestation | Forest Decrease | Forestry Management | CO2 Total Amount |
---|---|---|---|
-1,576 | 2,358 | -18,606 | -17,797 |
Forest Industry
The forest industry produces lumber, pulp, paper, and plates from wood, which is a natural resource. Exports of the forest industry account for 20% or more of the entire exports. The forest industry is almost a small paper factory, with the company accounting for 77%, and a mountain owner association accounting for 16%; the remaining 7% is state-owned. The pulp and paper industry is 73% owned by the company, with the association and the state each having a 20% and a 7% stake, respectively.
Forest Management Status
Felling uses saws and tractors for forests. If we look at the business status, 200,000 ha is felled yearly, and 70% of this is afforested; the remaining felling area is formed with seed-shedding. Every year, 0.4 billion seedlings are planted, and almost all of them are produced at the outdoor nursery as a bonsai nursery. When the tree is 2~3m, thinning work is begun and is performed 1~4 times; the amount of thinning is 30~80 m3 /ha. The labor absorption of the forestry industry has 245,000 people or 6% of the entire labor force of Sweden, composed of professional workers or temporary workers.
Switzerland
Territory and Location
Forest Status
Forest Area and Change Rate (2010)
Total Forest Area(thousand ha) | Percentage (%) | Yearly Change Rate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990-2000 | 2000-2010 | ||||
(thousand ha) | (%) | (thousand ha) | (%) | ||
1,240 | 31.8 | 4 | 0.4 | 5 | 0.4 |
[Source: FAO 2011 Global Forest Status]
Forest Biomass Carbon Stock Amount and Change (2010)
orest Biomass Carbon Stock Amount(million tons) | Yearly Change Rate(thousand tons) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 1990-2000 | 2000-2010 |
126 | 136 | 139 | 143 | 1 | 1 |
[Source: FAO 2011 Global Forest Status]
Forest Area and Ownership Distribution by Region(2011)
By Region | Total National Territory (thousand ha) |
Forest (thousand ha) |
Percentage(%) | Share by Ownership(%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public Forest | Private Forest | ||||
Total | 4128.4 | 1311.1 | 31.8 | 68.7 | 31.3 |
Jura region | 493.5 | 202.1 | 41 | 75.4 | 24.6 |
Central plateau | 941.3 | 233.2 | 24.8 | 58.6 | 41.4 |
Alps low ground level | 660.8 | 231.2 | 34.9 | 50.5 | 49.5 |
Alps | 1678.2 | 459.8 | 27.4 | 75.6 | 54.4 |
South Alps | 354.6 | 184.8 | 52.1 | 80.3 | 19.7 |
[Source: Swiss National Forest Inventory]
Growing Stock by Tree Type(2006)
Classification | Composition Ratio of Distribution by Tree Type(%) | |
---|---|---|
Conifer | Spruce | 45.0 |
Fir | 14.7 | |
Pine | 3.2 | |
Larch | 5.4 | |
Swiss Stone Pine | 0.6 | |
Others | 0.4 | |
Total | 69.3 | |
Non-conifer | Beech | 17.5 |
Maple | 2.8 | |
Ash | 3.5 | |
Oak | 2.2 | |
Sweet Chestnut | 1.3 | |
Others | 3.4 | |
Total | 30.7 |
[Source: Swiss National Forest Inventory]
Demand for Wood and Supply Status
Category | Unit | Production | Imports | Exports | Consumption |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | - | ||||
Wood | 천㎥ | 1,540 | 450 | 446 | 1,544 |
Industrial wood | 1000㎥ | 3,755 | 341 | 1,155 | 2,941 |
Wood fuel | 1000㎥ | 1,195 | 8 | 24 | 1,179 |
Wooden panel | 1000㎥ | 977 | 588 | 761 | 804 |
Wooden pulp | 1000tons | 142 | 520 | 22 | 640 |
Paper carton | 1000tons | 1,698 | 973 | 823 | 1,848 |
[Source: FAO 2011 Global Forest Status]
As of 2011, the yearly average increase rate of the total economic value of lumber and wooden panel production is +2.7% (2011); since 2000, the increase rate has been recording -0.8% of the total economic value of pulps and paper production. 1/3 (31%) of the entire national territory, particularly the northern region that touches with Germany, is mostly a forest area. Thanks to successful forest-related law enforcement, the forest area of Switzerland’s mountains has increased by 4% every year for 150 years. From 1995 to 2006, however, only a 4.9% increase was recorded, mostly from the clearing of the Alps and the Southern Alps region; out of these, only 2% came from the afforestation activity in the non-mountain region. Note, however, that there is a significant difference between the Jura region, central plateau, Alps low region, and Southern Alps. In the case of the central plateau, due to settlement development and related establishment, the mountain region is being threatened. The stumpage quantity of the Southern Alps has increased by 20%, but the central plateau decreased by about 9.7%. Over the mountain region of Switzerland, there are about 20 thousand animals and plants.
Environment Forest Administration
Switzerland is a confederation with 26 autonomous governments or cantons. The center is composed of the ministry of foreign affairs, ministry of home affairs, ministry of finance, ministry of environment, transport, energy, and communication, and a total of 7 departments, but the forest-related work is administered by the Federal Office for Environmental Forest and Landscape (OFEFP). The regional environment agency in charge of the environmental work was integrated with the forestry agency in 1998, and it has remained that way until now. The original environmental forestry agency was under the ministry of home affairs but was placed under the Department of Environment, Transport, Energy, and Communication in 1998. The main work of the forestry agency is the selection of product institutions, management of exports and imports of specific waste and international environmental agreements, etc.; work involving the water quality, atmosphere, waste, forest management, and preservation of nature is performed by the autonomous government.
Forest Policy
Switzerland has in place a tourism priority policy. A lot of effort is put into the preservation of the ecosystem and scenery since they account for a big percentage of the entire economy. For the preservation of biodiversity, 800 protected zones or 3.5% of the entire forest area were designated; the coverage is planned to be expanded to 10% of the entire area until 2030. If we look at the investment in nature preservation, 7% of the investment is made in the environment, 5% of which is public sector investment; 50% of the financial resources are invested by the main government, 40%, by the federal government, and 10%, by the local government. Especially, about 50% of the federal government budget is being used to compensate for the loss incurred by the individual or regional government due to the ecosystem protection measures.
As mentioned earlier, by focusing on tourism and environment, the forests perform a public service function more than the role of a seedling forest. 71% of the forests were managed by the government as a public forest, so forest preservation is being enforced and pursued strictly.
In the forest under the ownership of the government, felling for commercial purposes is prohibited, and forest felling of 5 thousand square meters needs permission from the federal government. Moreover, when felling forests, as many as the trees that were felled need to be planted. Judging from the situation described earlier, we can see that the Swiss government is pursuing an economic policy that combines forest preservation and environment. In reality, the government is using various economic tools such as charging of environmental taxes and carbon taxes, waste deposits, and emission rights trade policy, etc.
Main Framework of the Forest Law
Forestry Status
For the past 5 years, wood was imported from tropical forests such as Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, and Zaire, and lumber was imported from Malaysia, Ghana, Indonesia, Germany, and France. The total wood consumption of Switzerland reached 6.2 million㎥ in all including tropical forest material and frigid forest material.
Forestry Management Size’s Actual Status
2/3 of forestry companies manage 21~500 ha, and 1/10 of the companies deal with 500ha or more. These companies account for 50% of seedling forest production. Today’s Swiss forestry cannot appropriate forestry management fees only from the income from wood sales.
By Size | Area | Number of Companies |
---|---|---|
Total | 735,727 | 3,881 |
~20 ha | 8,636 | 991 |
21 - 50 | 22,044 | 639 |
51 - 100 | 43,589 | 595 |
101 - 102 | 89,017 | 613 |
210- 500 | 211,955 | 665 |
501- 1,000 | 185,717 | 268 |
1,000 | 175,769 | 110 |
In conclusion, Switzerland has to preserve and utilize its forests as environment and tourism resources and import wood from other countries. Especially, considering the fact that Switzerland provides the second biggest amount of special funds after Japan in ITTO, they are pushing forward policies that involve continuously obtaining wood resources from foreign sources.
Spain
Territory and Location
Forest Outline
Forest Physiognomy
Spain boasts of remarkable biodiversity considering its position. In a relatively small area, from the marsh formed in the 3rd period to the different forms during the Ice Age, a lot of different forms exist. Spain’s forests mostly have a Mediterranean climate. Spain’s forests can be divided largely into Iberia forests and Macronesia forests. Iberia forests have beech trees, oak, European fir trees, Euro-Siberian pine trees, birches, holm oaks, juniper trees, Spanish firs, and Mediterranean pine trees. There are basin area forests wherein the representative species are willows, Mediterranean alder trees, ash trees, poplars, and elms. On the Canary Islands, there is a macronesia forest with mainly nodular tree, palm trees, bay trees, and Canary pine.
Forest Area and Stock
Spain has 26 million ha of forest, and this accounts for 51.93% of the national territory area. Spain’s forest ratio is high compared to most European nations except Russia and Scandinavia. Since the coverage rate is low, however, the actual stocked land area is 56% of the total forest area or 14,732,247 ha. Compared to the 2nd forest area investigation (1986-1995) data, in the 2000 forest investigation, the stocked land area increased by 5.9%. Forest density also increased distinctly, with the stock increasing from 42.5㎥/ha to 45.7㎥/ha (76%). In other words, the yearly growth rate per ha increased from 2.14㎥/ha to 2.40㎥/ha (12%). The total stock of stocked land was 674,040,830㎥. Spain’s forests were damaged mainly by artificial activity. In Spain, there are a lot of shrubberies. The grassland that developed into a forest region constitutes about 5 million ha, with regions used as pastures accounting for 4 million ha; non-production zones make up 1.4 million ha.
Total National Territory Area(ha) | Forest Area | Others | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stocked Land | Non-stocked Land | Forest Total | ||
50,595,505 | 14,732,247 | 11,540,988 | 26,273,235 | 24,322,270 |
100% | 29.1% | 22.8% | 51.9% | 48.1% |
Main Afforestation Tree Types
Category | Forest Land(ha) | Cleared Forest Land/Rare Forest(ha) | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 11,155,977 | 15,177,258 | 26,273,235 |
Shrubbery | 3,243,630 | 7,823,557 | 11,067,187 |
Non-shrubbery | 7,912,347 | 7,353,701 | 15,266,048 |
Forest Ownership
The forests of Spain are cut off. It is divided into about 27.5 million lots, and the average area per 1 lot is 5ha for public forest (1/3 of the forests of Spain are public forests). Unlike other European nations, national forests do not have a large ratio in Spain. There is a big difference in public forest ratio between European countries. Socialist countries such as Russia and Poland have 100% public forests. Publicly owned forests account for 100% in Turkey, which has a lot of mountainous areas, 83% in Greece, and 69% in Switzerland.
Category (1,000ha) |
Total | Publicly Owned | Private Forest | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Ratio | Area | Ratio | ||
Total | 25,984.13 | 8,682.81 | 33.41% | 17,301.29 | 66.58% |
National forest/State forests | 1,188.56 | 1,188.56 | 4.57% | - | - |
Association | 4,490.28 | 4,058.97 | 15.62% | 431.31 | 1.66% |
Non-association | 17,725.82 | 1,323.78 | 5.09% | 16,402.04 | 63.12% |
Association opened forest | 472.16 | 472.16 | 1.82% | - | - |
Non-association opened forest | 1,639.34 | 1,639.34 | 6.31% | - | - |
Others | 467.94 | - | - | 467.94 | 1.80% |
Protected Zone
3.5 million ha is designated as protected area, 77% of which is forest. Out of the country’s stock land, 8% is protected area, with 80% of the Canary forest a protected area. 94% of the Pinsapo fir forest, 93% of the Andalusian oak forest, 32% of the cork tree forest, and 23% of the beech forest are protected forest areas.
Category | Area(ha) | Protected Area Ratio | Area Ratio by Category |
---|---|---|---|
Total protected area | 3,576,017 | 100 | 7.09 (compared to the total national territory) |
Stocked land | 1,309,267 | 36.61 | 12.07 |
Scarce forest | 257,214 | 7.19 | 8.41 |
Non-stocked land | 1,212,633 | 33.91 | 10.41 |
Forest total | 2,779,114 | 77.72 | 10.88 |
Agricultural land | 638,316 | 17.85 | 2.57 |
Non-production area | 55,705 | 1.56 | 23.83 |
Surface of the sea | 102,882 | 2.88 | 100 |
In order to protect the forest according to function, Spain is participating in Natura2000, which is an EU ecological preservation policy. Spain is registered in the “bird special protection area” and “regional society special area.” Out of the stocked land of Spain, 33% and 34%, respectively, of non-stocked land are included. The total area registered in Natura 2000 is 12,453,183 ha, 72% of which is forest area.
Main Afforestation Types of Trees
Category | Bird Special Protection Area |
Regional Society Special Area |
Mixed Special Area |
Natural 2000 Total Registered Area |
Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total protected area | 6,252,605 | 499,899 | 5,700,678 | 12,453,182 | 100.00 |
Stocked land | 2,156,159 | 72,037 | 1,778,568 | 4,006,765 | 32.17 |
Rare forest | 415,966 | 22,791 | 483,255 | 922,012 | 7.40 |
Non-stocked land | 2,098,862 | 102,819 | 1,794,412 | 3,996,093 | 32.09 |
Forest total | 4,670,987 | 197,647 | 4,056,236 | 8,924,870 | 71.67 |
Other regions | 1,581,618 | 302,252 | 1,644,443 | 3,528,313 | 28.33 |
Carbon-related Policy
Currently, Spain’s forest policy is in keeping with the efforts of the international carbon release reduction of the UN climate change convention. In 1909, the biomass of Spain’s forests was investigated, revealing a carbon storage amount of 214,000,000 tons; according to the data of the regions that were partly investigated in 2000, it increased to 31,943,286 tons.
Forest Actions
Reforestation and Agricultural Land Afforestation
In 1926, afforestation projects started according to the national forest plan; between 1940 and 1980, 3 million ha of forest was reforested. In the rural area, rapid-growth trees were used for afforestation to increase the environmental value, mainly for paper industry. For the improvement of agricultural fields, the agricultural field afforestation policy was established in 1985; due to lack of funds and subsidies, however, it was not successful. The subsidies were increased by amending the 1992 policy, which was expanded through long-term compensation for 20 years. The goal during the period 1994-1998 was 800,000 ha afforestation and 200,000 ha improvement projects, but only a total of 450,000 ha was recorded.
Forest Management
Spain pursues sustainable forest management including stocked land and non-stocked land, and effort is made to establish plans for the forest region. Through conferences with related departments, with the basic policies as foundation, its management is done based on national standards and indicators.
Forest Policy
Legal Foundation
Following decentralization, basic forest-related laws are regulated for 20 years as per the 1957 rural area law and 1962 law. The “forest and forest land basic law” is regulated but is not being enforced. Currently, Spain is following the trend of Europe and the world, and it is aware of the need for the establishment of a new law, which is currently being prepared.
Forest Policy Principles
Core Problem by Strategy
Local Promotion Measures
Social, economic, and cultural measures
Policy measures
Forest-related Organization
※ Source : Data provided by Spain(2008) - Spain Forest Plan
Argentina
Territory and Location
Forest Status
The forest area of Argentina is about 12%. Other forests account for 6%.
1.The forest is in the jungle of Misiones and Tucuman-Boliviana in the northern region (Phoebe spp.), with lush jungles in layers with Araucaria (Araucaria angustfolia), Tucuman cedar, and Tipa (Tipuana tipu).
2.In the northern Chaco region, Cardon (cacti forest), quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, Schinopsis balansae) make up a forest.
3.In the Andes pategonia, a high plateau in the southwest region, pehuen (Araucaria araucana) and pellin oak (Nothofagus obliqua) are the most common types. The rest of the regions are made up mainly of grasslands.
Forest-related Organization (put in the details below after taking out the details and image of the title of the organization chart of the original forest administration organization and forest-related mechanism)
Environmental Policy
Policy | Purpose | Managing Institution |
---|---|---|
Programme of Environmental Institutional Development: PRODIA | Total Budget: 30 million USD environmental policy strengthening, environmental education campaign, environmental damage prevention, water source management environment law, national environment information system, industrial pollution management secretary, and regional Managing Institution reorganization, environment management system’s environmental assignment preparation | Environment Sustainable Development Agency |
National Environment Action Plan | Agenda 21 performed | Environment Sustainable Development Agency |
Local Agenda 21 for Argentina | Agenda 21 performed | Environment Sustainable Development Agency |
Environmental Law
Related Laws | Description | |
---|---|---|
Nature protected region | - (law number 22351 and legislation number 637) - (law number 22531/82) - (legislation number 191/78) |
- National park, national memorials, nature protected areas - Establishment of national park management - Establishment of federal commission that manages the “people and earth” plan |
Wild animals | - (law number 22421/78 and article 691/81) - (law number 21673) - (law number 23094) |
- Wildlife protection - Establishment of national fisheries development policy - Eubalaena austral designated as a national memorial |
Plants/Forests | - (law number 13273) - (law number 23973) |
- Forest resources protection - Prosopese(beans and plants) protection and establishment of national congress |
Air | - (law number 20282) - (law number 20284/93) - (law number 24040) |
- Environment protection guidelines - Environment standard regulation - CFC use and production regulation |
Soil protection | - (law number 22428 legislation number 681/81) | - Soil protection |
Water | - (law number 2797/97) - (law number 20481) - (law number 22190 article 1886/83) - (law number 23615) - (legislation number 2125/78) - (legislation number 776/92) |
- Waste release prohibited - Prevention of harbor area oil pollution - Prevention of water pollution due to merchant marine - Establishment of COFAPYS - Illegal release of wastepenalty - Water pollution investigation |
Waste | - (law number 24051) - (legislation number 181/92) |
- Dangerous substance management - Waste prohibited |
Pesticide/Fertilizer | - (law number 3489/58, 18073, 18796, 18323, 20026, 20316, 20418, 20466, 22289) |
- Pesticide and fertilizer use |
Protection of forests and desertification
Nature protected areas account for only 3% of the entire area (8.5 million ha). Every year, the forest area decreases by 0.12 million ha, and new plantation accounts for only 0.639 million ha (0.2% of the entire area) based on the 2002 standard. Indiscrete use and irrigation waterways, corrosion, tied stock, and problems such as desertification of the Patagonia region are some of the causes. This is a situation that requires management and maintenance of forest resources.
Forest-related Laws
Related Law | Law Number |
---|---|
Forest protection-related law | law number 24688/96 |
Law number 24688/96 | law number 25080/99 legislation 133/99 |
Protected area-related law | law number 22351 |
Desertification prevention law | law number 24701/96 |
Others | law number 13273/48, law number 25509/01 |
Indonesia
Territory and Location
Territory and Location
The area is 1.919 million km2, and the population is approximately 211.02 million (2002) with population density of 119.8 people/ km2. The country’s official name is the Republic of Indonesia. It is the world’s biggest island state with large and small islands that are dispersed. It is between the Indian Ocean to the west and Pacific Ocean to its east, with the Asian continent to its north. It is located at the Australian-Asiatic Mediterranean Seas, the middle section that connects the Asian continent of the north and the Oceania continent to the left. On Sunda Islands and Moluca Islands are volcanoes that are currently active. There are a total of 400 volcanoes across the country, 78 of which are active. Volcanoes are mostly located on Sumatra Island and Java Island, with a few on Borneo Island and Celebes Island. Most of the volcanoes are over 3,000m high, including Semeru Mountain (3,676m) as the tallest and Linsani Mountain of Lombok Island (3,726m). Between the high mountains are a lot of plateaus and basins, and the representative ones are the Pappan plateau of the western coast of Sumatra Island, Bandoong of Java Island, and Malang Plateau. At these plateaus, the temperature drops according to the lapse rate, so it is good for residence. In the jungle near the mountain area of Sumatra and Borneo and near the coast is a wide, low wetland, with many rivers flowing in the middle. Musi River, Zambi River of Sumatra Island, and Kapuas River and Barito River of Borneo Island are some of the prominent rivers of Indonesia in terms of length.
Climate
Since the islands of Indonesia are positioned between 5 degrees north and 10 degrees south latitude with the equator at the center, it has a fully tropical climate and meets the specifications of the monsoon climate of Southeast Asia. Normally, the temperature is high during the year, and the average temperature in all of the regions is 25~27 degrees Celsius. Near the equator, the change per month is hardly observed. Rainfall is affected by a lot of monsoons. Besides the region characterized by rainfall near the equator, the dry season and wet season are distinctive. The yearly average rainfall of the main regions is 3,175mm for Pontianak (Borneo Island), 4,172mm for Padang (Sumatra Island), and 1,755mm for Jakarta (Java Island). The east side of Sosunda Islands is much drier, though.
Forest-related Organization
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment Standard)
Forest Area
[unit : Area-thousand ha, Ratio-%]
Total Area | Forest Area | Percentage(%) | Other Stocked Land Area |
---|---|---|---|
181,157 | 94,432 | 52 | 21,003 |
Forest Area by Year
[unit : thousand ha]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
118,545 | 99,409 | 97,857 | 94,432 |
Growing Stock
Total Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha(㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock(million ㎥) | Non-conifer Stock(million ㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
11,343 | 120 | - | - |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
[unit : %]
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
91% | 9% | 0 |
Forest Classification
[unit : thousand ha]
Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
47,236 (50%) | 43,647 (46%) | 3,549 (4%) |
Forest Status
Dry Land Non-conifer Forest
Marsh non-conifer forest
Forest Environmental System
The forests are entirely managed by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry, but this is changing due to decentralization. In 2000, the directorate general of estate crops was changed from the agriculture ministry to the ministry of forestry and was reorganized into the ministry of forestry and estate crops. In August 2000, the ministry of forestry and estate crops and ministry of agriculture were combined into the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In December 2000, however, the government divided the ministry of agriculture and forestry once again into the ministry of forestry and ministry of agriculture, and the directorate general of estate crops was placed under the ministry of agriculture anew.
Established in 1999 under the ministry of forestry, the Forestry Planning Agency prepares forest strategic plans. The CGIF secretariat was organized in 2000 under the international cooperation department.
The Directorate General of Production Forests issues HPHs and manages them. Forest resource protection and management are done by the directorate general of forest protection and nature conservation.
Plans and cooperation by part are managed by the Central Planning Board and Provincial Planning Agency.
The Forestry Research and Development Agency manages all the forestry research institutions in Indonesia. CIFOR and ICRAF have their headquarters in Bogor.
Forest Policy
Basic Forestry Act No. 5/1967 manages, regulates, and operates the forest resources through the ministry of forestry. In essence, the basic forestry act decides the development of forest resources that are regulated in terms of water regulation, flood, and rock slide prevention, production of wood and non-wood resources, and imports source. The original basic forestry act was replaced by the new Basic Forestry Act No. 5/1997 and Forest Law No. 41/1999. The newly enacted law pursues sustainable forest management and cooperation.
According to the law, the forests are divided into protected forest, production forest, mature forest, and recreational forest. The main purposes of the basic forest law are sufficient land distribution, forest management optimization by forest function, enhancement of watersheds, strengthening of the function of the regional society, and sufficient forest income distribution.
Japan
Territory and Location
Forest Status (reference: 2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment)
Forest Area
[unit : ha]
Total National Territory Area | Forest Area |
---|---|
36,450,000 | 36,450,000(69%) |
Forest Area Change
[unit : 1,000 ha]
2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2000~2005 Yearly Increase Rate | 2005~2010 Yearly Increase Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|
24,876 | 24,935 | 24,979 | 12,000 | 9,000 |
Forest occupation rate by use
Total Forest Area | Production Forest | Protection of Soil and Water Resources | Social Function |
---|---|---|---|
24,979 | 17% | 70% | 13% |
Forest occupation rate by forest
[unit : 1,000 ha]
Natural Forest | Naturally Occurring Forest | Artificial Forest | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4,747ha | 19% | 9,906 ha | 40% | 10,326ha | 41% |
The stock amount of forest resources of Japan is increasing by about 7 thousand m3 every year because the artificial forest that was created grew, but the artificial forest is mostly made up of the ghost forest of 1935, requiring nursery and thinning. Due to the various functions of forests, interest among citizens is increasing; in 1996, the basic plan on forest resources was revised. In order for the forests to be efficient enough in terms of quantity, nursery and thinning as well as promotion of supplementary forest construction with sufficient variety using nature’s essence are being pursued. Also being carried out are the formation of national territory foundation that is strong against disasters, supply of good-quality water, and overall promotion of forest equipment that performs good functions for the society and forest equipment that helps citizens accessible to forests.
Forest Resource Status(as of the end of March, 1995)
Category | Area(thousand㏊) | Stock(thousand㎥) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Artificial Forest | Natural Forest | Denuded Area | Bamboo Forest | Total | Artificial Forest | Natural Forest | Denuded Area | ||
Total | 25,146 | 10,398 | 13,382 | 1,214 | 152 | 3,483,234 | 1,891,993 | 1,590,016 | 1,255 | |
Natio nal Forest |
Under Forestry Agency |
7,647 | 2,417 | 4,608 | 622 | 0 | 892,456 | 289,254 | 602,078 | 1,124 |
Under Other Agencies |
197 | 29 | 130 | 38 | 0 | 19,612 | 2,980 | 16,632 | 0 | |
Total | 7,844 | 2,446 | 4,738 | 660 | 0 | 912,068 | 292,234 | 618,710 | 1,124 | |
Privately Owned Forest |
Public Forest | 2,730 | 1,209 | 1,433 | 83 | 5 | 359,064 | 198,586 | 160,416 | 62 |
Private Forest | 14,572 | 6,743 | 471 | 471 | 147 | 2,212,102 | 1,401,173 | 810,890 | 39 | |
Total | 17,302 | 7,952 | 8,644 | 554 | 152 | 2,571,166 | 1,599,759 | 971,306 | 101 |
Goal of Forest Resource Maintenance
[unit : Area/10 thousand ha, stock/㎥, growth rate/㎥]
Category | 1995 | State of Forest Resources as a Goal | State of Forest Resources Desired | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2015 | 2025 | ||||
Area | Cultivated mono- storied forest |
1,043 | 1,041 | 1,011 | 957 | 898 |
Cultivated multi-storied forest |
68 | 161 | 274 | 404 | 532 | |
Natural forest | 1,409 | 1,320 | 1,237 | 1,161 | 1,102 | |
Total | 2,520 | 2,522 | 2,522 | 2,522 | 2,522 | |
Stock | Stock per ha |
138 | 157 | 171 | 176 | 184 |
Total stock(million ㎥) | 3,483 | 3,970 | 4,310 | 4,440 | 4,630 | |
Growth amount (per year) |
Growth rate per ha |
3.6 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.1 |
Total growth amount(million ㎥) | 91 | 84 | 76 | 74 | 79 |
Forest Administration System
Nowadays, in Japan, the forests are not only an economic good but also public goods that provide utility to the people by playing a public service function; it is emphasized that the nation must take responsibility for investing in the plan prudently in terms of the growth and maintenance and preservation and management costs. The trees, forest land ownership, and forest administration are inseparable; in terms of calculation and size, there is a connection between all forest-related works such as preservation of national territory and natural environment and promotion of mountain regions and forest culture. In other words, forest administration must be performed after securing intimate connection with environmental administration, and national forest management must consider all of the national, public, and private forests; the regional organization must be changed into a system for the settlement of the watershed management system to perform this on a watershed-focused side to promote regional forestry, forest industry, and mountain villages. Moreover, a watershed activation center is established at the scene in watershed units and by using the extensive experience of the scene workers to promote the activation of the entire forestry including watershed.
In 1897, the basic issues of forest planning protection forest, and other forests were decided; by promoting the speedy growth and increase of forest production rate, the forest law was enacted for the purpose of territory preservation and national economy development. In October 1998, the forest law was amended; through these actions, measures were taken to deal with changes. In addition, the development of forestry and enhancement of position of forestry employees are promoted. At the same time, for the obtainment of forest resources and preservation of national territory, the policy goal is made clearer. The forestry basic law was enacted in 1964 for the purpose of providing a basic plan to help achieve such goal. The forestry law and forestry basic law are very important laws that led to the current forestry situation, fulfilling the role of two wagon wheels to promote the harmony of preservation and development.
Recently, in order to activate private forest management, the finances needed for the promotion of forestry provisional measures as per the relevant act were allocated, and the forestry labor obtainment promotion law and law on sound supply obtainment of wood were enacted. Moreover, from a long-term perspective, for the fast growth of forest resources and increase in forest production rate, and in order to perform the forestry business in a planned and rational manner so that various functions can be fulfilled, the forest planning policy is being run. From now on, in order to fulfill sustainable forest management, the main problem to be dealt with is the establishment of the watershed management system that simultaneously fulfills the strengthening of forestry competitiveness and preserves the environment.
Forest product trade
The wood demand of Japan is sound at 0.11 billion m3, but the wood self-sufficiency rate is only 20%. From this, the wood import amount of 1996 was 0.17359 billion yen, taking up about 5% of the total import amount of 3.79934 billion yen. Along with oil and liquefied natural gas, it is one of the important import products. Recently, the wood imports have decreased, and the import of lumber products or plywood has increased due to the regulation on wood exports and increase in processed product exports with the background of decrease in felling and development of the domestic industry due to the environment protection movement in wood-producing countries and resource limit.
Wood consumes little production energy compared to iron and aluminum; unlike oil, etc., it is a renewable resource with the advantage of stocking carbon dioxide, which is the cause of global warming, so the development of new use or early practical use of the wood resources is becoming important issues given the fact that wood use is important for the preservation of the environment. Moreover, with the increasing national consciousness of the earth environmental problem, effective use of limited resources and emission suppression of waste are some of the actions for economic life. For this, "the law on renewable resource use promotion"(1991) was enacted and established.
Wood Supply and Demand Performance('96)
Demand Part Supply Part |
Total | Ratio(%) | Wood Demand | Domestic Consumption |
Exports | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
용재 | 총계 | 비율(%) | |||||||||
Total | For Lumber | Pulp | Plywood | Others | |||||||
Total | 114,040 | 100.0 | 112,325 | 49,758 | 43,822 | 15,726 | 3,018 | 967 | 749 | 113,645 | 396 |
Domestic production | 23,764 | 20.0 | 22,483 | 16,154 | 5,672 | 228 | 429 | 967 | 314 | 23,378 | 386 |
Imports | 90,276 | 80.0 | 89,842 | 33,604 | 38,150 | 15,498 | 2,589 | - | 434 | 90,267 | 9 |
※ Source 1. 森林·林業 デ-タブック 1998年度版, 日本林業調査會 2. 林業白書
Writing/Baek Eul-seon : Forestry researcher, Forest Resources Division
※ Source 2. 2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment
Ecuador
Territory and Location
Related Department
Organization Chart
Forest Status
Forest Area
Change in Forest Area
[thousand ha]
1990-2010 | 2000-2010 |
---|---|
-198 (-1.5%) | -198 (-1.8%) |
Ratio of forest field to GDP
[million US dollars]
Log Production | Wood Processing | Pulp and Paper | Total Forest Area |
---|---|---|---|
227 | 427 | 190 | 893 (2.3% of GDP) |
* Refer to the 2011 FAO data
Main Characteristics
Biological Protection District (Galapagos)
Korea and Ecuador’s forest product trade status
Exports : none
Imports(Ecuador→Korea)
[unit: thousand $]
Product name | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity |
Total | 10.04 | 39 | 270 | 255.8 | 10 | 9.8 | 0.03 | 0.2 |
Wood | - | 19.5 | - | 127.9 | - | 4.9 | - | 0.1 |
Lumber(㎥) | 10 | 18.4 | 260 | 120 | - | - | - | - |
Fiberboard(㎥) | - | - | - | - | 10 | 4.6 | - | - |
Woodchips(ton) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | 0.1 |
Others | 0.04 | 1.1(ornaments, tree) | 10 | 7.9(single plates) | - | 0.3(tree) | - | - |
Ethiopia
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Forest Status(2011 FAO Global Forest Status)
National territory area : 109.631 million k㎥
Total forest area : 12.3 million k㎥
Forest occupancy rate : 11 %
Area and Occupancy Rate by Forest Type
Forest Type | Area (1,000ha) | Occupancy Rate (%) |
---|---|---|
Raw forest | 0 | 0 |
Natural restored land | 11,785 | 96 |
Plantation | 511 | 4 |
Forest Area Change (excluding plantation) (unit: 1,000ha)
Year | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
Forest Area | 13,214 | 12,509 | 11,785 |
Annual Forest Change Rate(unit 1,000ha)
Year Period | 1990~2000 | 2000~2005 | 2005~2010 |
---|---|---|---|
Change Rate | -141 | -141 | -143 |
Forest Ownership
Austria
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Forest Status(2011 FAO Global Forest Status)
Forest Area : about 4 million ha, 47% of national territory area
Area by Forest Ownership
Forest Area and Occupancy Rate Change
Year | 1990 | 1996 | 2002 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Forest area (million ha) | 3.88 | 3.92 | 3.96 | 3.99 |
Forest occupancy rate (%) | 46.2% | 46.8% | 47.2% | 47.6% |
Growing Stock : 1.135 billion ㎥(284.5㎥/ha)
Wood production amount : 19,500 thousand㎥/year (national forest: 9,100 thousand㎥, Private forest: 10,400 thousand㎥)
amount : 155 million euros(wood production amount: 126 million euros)
Wood production cost(thinning land average) : 25 euros/㎥
Wood industry : wood processing 15,800 thousand㎥, lumber 6,250 thousand㎥(conifer 6,110 thousand㎥)
Wood exports and imports
Exports and Imports of Forest Products (forestry agency data)
Exports(Korea→Austria)
(unit : tons, thousand $)
Category | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | |
Total | 6 | 34 | 14 | 44 | 35 | 78 | 19 | 71 |
Wood | 6 | 34 | 14 | 44 | 35 | 77 | 19 | 65 |
Short-term forest products | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Stone | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 |
Imports(Austria→Korea)
(unit : tons, thousand $)
Category | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | Quantity | Price | |
Total | 117 | 2,256 | 126 | 2,705 | 327 | 3,854 | 367 | 4,401 |
Wood | 117 | 2,252 | 91 | 2,529 | 319 | 3,779 | 356 | 4,306 |
Short-term forest products | - | 4 | 35 | 176 | - | - | 9 | 90 |
Stone | - | - | - | - | 8 | 75 | 1 | 5 |
China
Territory and Location
Forest Status
Forest Area
China has 206 million ha of forest, and this accounts for 22% of the entire national territory. According to the 2010 global forest resource data released by UN FAO, China ranks no. 5 in the world in terms of forest area and has 1000 forest tree types or one third of all tree types in the world.
By Land Ownership (2010)
National Forest | Collective Forest |
---|---|
73.3 million ha (42.45% of the entire forest) | 99.4 million ha (57.5%of the entire forest) |
Forest Area by Age
Category | Area | Stock |
---|---|---|
Total | 142,790 thousand ha | 12,098,000 thousand ㎥ |
Ghost forest | 47,240 thousand ha | 1,285,000 thousand ㎥ |
Colony forest | 49,640 thousand ha | 3,426,000 thousand ㎥ |
Mature forest | 19,990 thousand ha | 2,245,000 thousand ㎥ |
Matured forest | 17,150 thousand ha | 3,017,000 thousand ㎥ |
Old forest | 8,770 thousand ha | 2,125,000 thousand㎥ |
Occupancy Rates of Main Tree Types (2010)
Main Tree Types | Occupancy Area of Main Tree Types | Occupancy Rate of Main Tree Type |
---|---|---|
Oak | 71.3 million ha | 49.94% |
Mongolian pine in China | ||
Chinese fir | ||
Chestnut | ||
Larch |
The 7 main water shed forest distribution areas are Yangtze River, Heilong Jiang, Pearl River, Yellow River, Johor River, Haidian, and hoiha regions. The forest resources of the Yangtze and heilong jiang account for half of the country’s forest resources. The forest region of the heilong jiang has the biggest forest area and stock.
- Forest area possession rate: 70.1%
- Forest stock possession rate: 60.09%
National Department of Forestry Organization Chart
Homepage and Contacts
Forest Policy and Forest Program
In the ecosystem, social, and economic aspects, there is a shift from wood production center to forest development. This is why the forest development policy and strategies are being regulated and implemented with ecological development as the main issue. By establishing a land ecology safety system, sustainable development direction is being set, and ideas of expansion of the east, improvement of the west, use of the south, and preservation of the north were proposed with the newly classified management policy: East expansion — for forest development, the purpose of expanding in the east region and main access direction will be commercial forest and livestock; West improvement — with preservation as the base, the west region must have the speed of tree planting on national territory increased and strengthen the improvement methods; South use — in the south region, commercial forests with fast growth must be promoted; North preservation — the north forest must be protected for the restoration of forest resources.
Core National Forest Programs
Forest-related Laws
Jan. 1, 1999 : Chinese national territory land management law
Dec. 1, 2000 : Chinese seed law
Mar. 1, 2002 : Chinese prevention of desertification law
Mar. 1, 2002 : Chinese rural area land law
Mar. 1, 2002 : Chinese agriculture law
July 1, 2007 : Chinese farmer joint venture company law
Oct. 26, 2007 : Chinese Property Law
July 14, 2009 : Chinese rural land competition dispute settlement arbitration law
* Reference: current Chinese ministry of forestry English Homepage- 2010 data
FAO 2010 Global Forest Resources Status
Chile
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Forest Area
Forest Status
Forest Area and Growing Stock
Main Characteristics
* The biodiversity per unit area is no.1 in the world (20,000 types of plants, domestic breed ratio: 25% or more).
Biological Protection District(Galapagos)
FTA with main nations
Cambodia
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment)
Forest Area
[unit : Area-thousand ha, Ratio-%]
Total Area | Forest Area | Percentage (%) | Other Stocked Land Area |
---|---|---|---|
18,104 | 10,094 | 57 | 133 |
Forest Area by Year
[unit : thousand ha]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
12,944 | 11,546 | 10,731 | 10,094 |
Growing Stock
Total Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha(㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock(million ㎥) | Non-conifer Stock(million ㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
987 | 98 | 753 | 234 |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
[unit : %]
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
100% | 0 | 0 |
Forest Categorization
[unit : thousand ha]
Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
322 (3%) | 9,703 (96%) | 69 (1%) |
Main Tree Types
Forest Policy
There are five objectives within the national goals regarding forest resources are: Conservation and sustainable management of forest resources to achieve a maximum contribution to socio-economic development of the country. The remaining forest resources of the country shall be considered as Permanent Forest Estate and managed in a sustainable way. Within the context of conservation and sustainable forest management initiatives, a maximum involvement of the private sector and participation of the local population shall be achieved in order to ensure food security, poverty reduction and socio-economic development. A wide range of coordinated multi-stakeholder processes shall be implemented to enable the harmonization of the different perceptions, interests and objectives of the various forest interest groups at all levels. To continue to support forestation of arable land and to protect those trees for the development of forest resources.
Forest Group
The Cambodia Forestry Administration is under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries and is in charge of management of forests and resources.
FA has to1,667 staff(1,040 professional +627ranger) assigned to work at central offices = 286 people and local levels = 1, 381 people (as October 2006).
Organization Chart
※ Source : Data presented by Cambodia(2008)
Canada
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Forest Status
Outline
Main details
Forest Policy (Data of Natural Resources Canada)
Forest organization
Sustainable management
Climate Change Measures
View in international cooperation
Forest fires
Forest industry
Forest innovation direction
Exclusively for forests
Thailand
Territory and Location
Forest Status (2010 FAO Global Forest Resource Evaluation Standard)
Forest Area
Total Area(thousand ha) | Forest Area(thousand ha) | Ratio(%) | Other Stocked Land Area(thousand ha) |
---|---|---|---|
51,089 | 18,972 | 37 | - |
Forest Area by Year
[thousand ha]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
19,549 | 19,004 | 18,898 | 18,972 |
Growing Stock
Total Stock(million ㎥) | Stock per ha(㎥/ha) | Conifer Stock(million ㎥) | Non-conifer Stock(million ㎥) |
---|---|---|---|
783 | 41 | - | - |
Forest Ratio by Ownership
Public Forest | Private Forest | Others |
---|---|---|
88 | 12 | 0 |
Forest Categorization
[thousand ha]
Primary Natural Forest | Natural Regeneration Forest | Plantation |
---|---|---|
6,726(35%) | 8,261(44%) | 3,986(21%) |
Territory and Location
Thailand is on the Indochina peninsula, which is southeast of Asia. It touches with the Shan state and Laos to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the east, Myanmar to the west, and Malaysia to the south. The entire national territory area is 51,311,502 ha; the longest part of north and south is about 1,920 km, and the largest width is about 750km.
Climate
The climate is affected by the monsoon climate. High-temperature, high-humidity temperate climate is recorded all year round, with average temperature of 29 degrees Celsius. In the case of Bangkok, it is 35 degrees in April and 17 degrees in December. The seasons are divided into 3; dry and cold season, which corresponds to Korea’s Spring and Autumn, (November-February), hot season (March-June), and rainy season (June-October).
Forest Status
Farmers make up 80% of the population, and 4.5 billion people depend on agriculture. The demand of farms is increasing, but it does not bring any change to the rural areas. The plow soil is becoming more and more blighted, sustainable forest management could not be supported, and national land could not be protected from illegal clearing. The main products are corn and tapioca (from the root of cassava), and Thailand is the world’s biggest market. Therefore, the forest resources of Thailand are threatened and are on the way to becoming blighted.
The government, after 2 villages sustained huge damage from the 1988 floods, has prohibited felling and established an afforestation plan to plant trees on forest land and prevent blighted land. In order to support this plan, a comprehensive plan for the forest field was established.
This plan has interlocked people and environment and forest protection, mountain village development, watershed ecosystem protection, and biodiversity, and overall forest development near cities was pursued. Therefore, an organization maintenance plan was established, and it promoted big changes to forest development including change in policies and legislation, development of government organization and population resources, supply of technology, and investigation and evaluation of research.
Forest Administration System
As the central forest administration of Thailand, the Royal Forest Department was created under the internal affairs department in 1896 in order to manage the forests of the kingdom. After this, in 1942, it was moved to the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, and the same has been true until now. The forest administration institution of Thailand is divided into central administration and regional administration. The central organization has 11 direct offices and 21 regional forest offices and 1 forestry research center.
The regional forest administration organizations have 75 stations of provincial and forest ministries and 524 provincial forest departments. The main ministry of forestry and provincial forest department are administered by the governor and provincial internal affairs ministry, forming a mutually close system. Especially, the forests of this country have a representative forest area in Chiang Mai, which is in the northern region; but forest development is difficult due to the weak government. In 1974, the implementation of forest land use method and total watershed management project were started by FAO/UNDP funding and carried out successfully in 1981. In addition, Japan, Switzerland, US, and Korea as the tropical forest production nations of ITTO gave Special Funds to continue the forest projects.
Organization Chart
Forest Status
At least 27,362 thousand ha or 53% of the total national territory of Thailand is forest. The government used Landsat-5 in 1998 to investigate the forests and 14,390 thousand ha for the past 37 years. This means that every year, 388 thousand ha on average was changed for other purposes. The forests were mainly destroyed by river farming by mountain residents because of the population increase. The national territory is spread out left and right, and the forests are seen in different forms according to the land conditions, change in temperature, and rainfall; they are divided into evergreen forests and deciduous forests.
Evergreen Forest
The evergreen forest accounts for 40% of the entire forests, and it can be divided into the following.
Deciduous Forest
The forest in this region grows during the plant growth period or produces annual zones; sometimes, evergreens are found.
Turkey
Territory and Location
Forest Status
Background of Forest Management
The forest management of Turkey goes back to the period of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. Initially, it was heavily influenced by the forest policies of France; beginning the 20th century, however, cooperation with German and Austrian forestry agencies was pursued. In 1916, for the first time, a forest management plan team was organized, and the 1917 1st forest management plan was made, with forest laws declared.
For the first time, in 1937, the forests were defined, and the forest policy was established. After this, the forest law was amended many times. In 1956, a new forest law was enacted, becoming the basis for today’s forest law.
As forest companies pushed the forest business forward, excessive forest destruction occurred. Therefore, in 1945, all forests became state-owned. A few years later, the party political policy was installed; after the voting in 1950, the nationalized forest was returned to the individual owners. This extreme policy gave rise to conflicts over the land and ownership. Even today, land and ownership are the biggest issues in Turkish forests.
Forest Resources
The initial forest resources investigation was performed between 1963 and 1972. The total management plan of all forests was also established during this period. According to this management plan, the total forest area was 20,199,296 ha, 11,342,889 ha of which was a non-productive area. After 1997, the forest resource statistics were changed into current statistics. According to this data, increase of 857,147 ha was recorded.
Forest Area(forest)
Category | 1963~72 | 1998 | 1999 | 2002 | 2003 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 20,199,296 | 20,712,896 | 20,733,772 | 20,763,248 | 21,056,443 |
Forest | 10,934,607 | 14,283,312 | 14,347,965 | 14,418,340 | 15,175,389 |
Woodland | 9,264,689 | 6,429,584 | 6,385,808 | 6,344,908 | 5,881,054 |
Source : environment ministry of the forestry department of statistics, ministry of management and planning
The 2002 statistics do not include private forest of about 15,000ha and city forests, parks, colonnades, and wood-covered areas besides forests. Forests are usually in the mountain areas and are natural or semi-natural with high biodiversity value. Out of the 9000 plants, about 3,000 are domestic. The deciduous forests are mainly in the middle of the northern region of Turkey. The forests of Turkey can be divided into Irano-turanian, Mediterranean, and euro-siberia.
Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra, Pinus silvestris, Abies spp. (A. cilicica, A. nordmannia, A. equi-trojani are unique), Picea orientalis, Cedrus libani, Juniperus spp., pinus, pinea, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis, Fagusorientalis, Quercus spp. Alnus spp., Castanea sativa, and Carpinus betulus are representative types. Living in the forests of Turkey are about 120 mammals, 454 birds, and 93 reptiles.
Forest Policy and Development Plan
All of the policies of Turkey are included in the national development plan. Traditionally, Turkish forest policy includes forest protection, sustainable industrial wood and fuel wood provision, non-wood forest product production, afforestation, restoration of blight land, improvement of farms, serpentine, national park and protected zone expansion, creation of green area, preservation of wildlife, recreation, hunting, or overall social functions and participation in rural areas.
8th 5-year Development Plan Policy and Strategy
The 8th 5-year development plan with 5 policies — (1) sustainability, (2) recycling, (3) participation, (4) biodiversity preservation, and (5) contribution to social development and security — focuses on the biological factor of forests. The main forest policy based on these ideas is as follows.
Forest Management Plan
All forests must be managed according to the management plan. In 1917, after the first management plan, it was revised in a technological manner. The various management models applied are Mut-Gazipasa model, GTZ project of Germany, and Finland Project. The Finland project introduced the effective GIS utilization. The forest management plan was developed with wood as focus, but the ministry of forestry implemented the functional forestry plan recently. At the beginning of establishment, there was lack of knowledge about forest functions, and it was difficult, but it is being expanded continuously. The issue that arose recently was the decentralization of the forest management system. Before 2004, all of the forest management agencies were in Ankara, but each region was repositioned. There were concerns about this unfair performance, but it will not be stopped. At the planning stage, for the expansion of participation, the residents, municipality, and unions and related stakeholders discuss, but it is not opened regularly. The GEF project, considering policy plans and other processes, will help in establishing the participation system.
Management of National Forest such as Protected Region and National Park
1)The protected area management can be divided largely into 2 systems.
The forests are especially more important in the protection of water resources and soil protection. The preserved forest land is managed only for protection purposes. In the preservation region, other acts besides dealing with pests are prohibited. A total of 56 stations have been designated as current preserved land, spanning a total of 210,192 ha. When establishing the national forest management plan, regions with weak restoration or harvest are classified as a special preservation region. In this region, most forest activities are banned. The total area is 3,861,754 ha. The genetic resource preservation area is also managed by the ministry of forestry.
2)Protected area managed by the ministry of environment and forestry according to the national park law
The protected area managed by this ministry pertains to part of the IUCN category. Currently, there are 34 national parks, 35 nature protected regions, 17 natural parks, and 102 natural treasures, and the area measures 956,805 ha.
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Foundation of TEMA
Tunisia
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Forest Status(2011 FAO Global Forest Status)
Forest area : 1000 thousand ha (6% of the national territory) mainly in the northwest region
Forest Area by Type and Occupation Rate
Forest Occupation Rate by Purpose
Yearly Decrease in Forest Area and Decrease Rate
Period | 1990~2000 | 2000~2005 | 2005~2010 |
---|---|---|---|
Decreased forest area | -3,000ha | -3,000ha | -- |
Decrease rate | -0.9% | -0.9% | -0.06% |
Growing Stock
Total | Per 1 ha | Conifer | Non-conifer | Commercial Trees |
---|---|---|---|---|
26 million ㎥ | 26 ㎥ | 12 million ㎥ | 14 million ㎥ | 2% |
Most of the forests are national forest (94%) directly managed by the government.
The plantation area increased from 2903 thousand ha in 1990 to 690 thousand ha in 2010. The government plans to increase the forest area to 16% of the national territory before 2020.
The forest law was enacted in 1966, and the national forestry policy was established in 1988; compared to other African countries, the forests were managed systematically at an early stage.
Papua New Guinea
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
The total national territory area is 46 million ha (2 times larger than the Korean peninsula). Papua New Guinea, which has a population of 4060 thousand people, is located north of the Australian continent, east of Indonesia, and west of Solomon Islands. Its capital is Port Moresby, which has a population of 250 thousand people. Papua New Guinea is located 6 degrees south of the equator and is the most humid tropical rain forest. Considering the climatic and regional characteristics, it is divided into 4 regions: southern region, northern region, plateau region, and New Guinea island region. Due to the yearly average rainfall of 3,000mm, various kinds of vegetation are distributed. According to the PNG forest authorities, the vegetation inside the territory is divided into 6 — forest, forest land, savanna, scenic forest, grass land, and mangrove forest — and there are 59 species. Papua New Guinea has 19 provinces and 1 capital region, and each province has its own legal system. Each capital is divided into a regional area and a regional government, and it is normal for a few regional governments to exist in one regional area.
Forest Status
Currently, the ownership status of this country is very weird compared to the rest of the world. The owner of the land carries out management under the land rent law, and 95% of the national territory is owned by clans and managed; only 5% is owned by the government, private enterprises, individuals, or religious institutions. The forest is composed of tropical rain forest following the coastal line of momase and New Guinea islands; besides this, the high plateau region of castanopsis is covered with trees, whereas other wide regions are grass lands and plantation.
Growing Stock (2011)
[unit : million ㎥]
Category | Stock Amount (million ㎥) |
---|---|
Conifer | 2,726 |
Carbon Stock in Forest Biomass (2011)
Stock Amount (million tons) | Stock per ha Quantity (tons) |
---|---|
2,306 | 80 |
Forest Administration System
The administration organization was changed according to the forest law amended in July 1991 along with the 1990 forest policy. The Department of Forestry changed its name to PNGFA (Papua New Guinea Forestry Authority), and the Minister was taken by minister-level personnel. If we look at the PNG Forest Authority, with the Department of Forestry at the center, the National Forest Board and 19 Provincial Forest Management Committees were organized; among these, 2 committees manage the important issues, and the dept. of forestry plays the role of an executive agency. The employees of the PNG Forest Authority number 350 in all.
Organization Chart
Forest Policy
PNG has 2 basic policies and 3 auxiliary policies. In particular, according to the new forest law of 1991, the 1993 sustainable forest development regulations were established; in 1994, the 2000 wood exports prohibition and wood industrialization policy were instituted, as a result of which the wood exports amount decreased by 10% every year until 1999. In 2000, the wood export was to be banned completely; since it was an unstable policy, however, the result remains to be seen.
2 Basic Policies
Auxiliary Purpose
Forest Industry and Forest Development
Domestically, there are 49 lumber mills, 27 furniture stores, 1 chip company, and 1 plywood factory. Besides this, there are 700 stations of mobile lumber mills across the country. Therefore, the labor working in the forestry field such as wood felling workplaces is 10,000 people per year or 4% of the national employees. Forest products come after minerals and oil as an important income source of foreign currency. Main forest products are wood and lumber. They are an important wood export, recording up to 2 million m3 in 1995. The main markets are Japan, Korea, China, and Philippines, and the number is increasing. Wood is exported mostly to Japan, however.
&In 1996, the total was 2,626 thousand m3; Japan had 1388 thousand m3, Korea, 687 thousand m3, Philippines, 238 m3, China, 57 thousand m3, Hong Kong 40 thousand m3, and others, 102428 thousand m3. On the one hand, it has the characteristic of many foreign companies participating in forest development. Forest development started early in New Ireland and passed through New Britain; currently, large projects in the southwest part of New Guinea are being implemented. This country has a lot of potential for forest development, but the terrain is tough, and it has a disadvantage compared to other regions. Here, companies from Malaysia (mostly Chinese), Japan, Singapore, Korea, Australia, and China are carrying out forest development in 3,277 thousand ha of forest land.
※ Data source : 1997 PNG national report
※ Translator : Jeon Jin-pyo, forestry secretary of the Forest Service
Status of Production and Exports and Imports
[unit : thousand㎥]
Category | Wood Fuel | Industrial Lumber | Lumber |
---|---|---|---|
Production | 7,748 | 3,040 | 61 |
Imports | - | - | 1 |
Exports | - | 2,519 | 40 |
Consumption | 7,748 | 521 | 22 |
Finland
Territory and Location
National Territory Status
National Territory Status
Forest Status
Forest Status
Forest Status by Ownership(as of 2009)
[unit : %]
Category | Area | Stock | Yearly Growth |
---|---|---|---|
Private forest | 60 | 64 | 23 |
National forest | 26 | 21 | 27 |
Private forest | 9 | 9 | |
Others | 5 | 6 |
[Source:State of Finland's Forests 2011]
National Territory Use(as of 2003)
Category | Area(㎢) | Ratio(%) |
---|---|---|
Production forest | 203,000 | 67 |
Low production forest | 28,000 | 9 |
Other forest | 30,000 | 10 |
Plough land | 28,200 | 9 |
Road and developed land | 15,040 | 5 |
※ Production forest : forest with forest growth rate of 1㎡/ha or higher for years
※ Low production forest : forest with growth rate of 1㎡/ha or lower for years
Ratio by Type(as of 2009)
[unit : %]
Category/ Tree Type | Pine Tree | Spruce | Birch | Other Non-conifer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Area Ratio | 67 | 22 | 10 | 1 |
Forest Product Production Status(as of 2004)
Category | Produced Amount | Ratio(%) |
---|---|---|
Total | 1,851.9 (2,408 million USD/0.2311 billion won) |
|
Wood | 61million ㎥ | 1,715 |
Woodchips | 2.7million ㎥ | 51 |
Mountain berries | 3,123t | 5.4 |
Mushrooms | 643t | 2.2 |
Elk, reindeer, etc. | 14,200 | 78.3 |
Wood Production and Exports(as of 2004)
Wood Production and Exports(as of 2004)
Product | Production | Export Ratio |
---|---|---|
Paper industry | 14.1 million t | 89% |
Pulp | 12.6million t | 19% |
Lumber industry | 13.5million ㎥ | 63% |
Plywood and board industry | 1.8million ㎥ | 72.5% |
Fiber board industry | 0.1million t | 62% |
Finland’s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Organization Chart
Other Forestry Institutions
Forest Policy
Goal : sustainable forest management
Principle
Main policy
Related laws
Forest Area and Change Rate (2010)
Total Forest Area (thousand ha) |
Percentage(%) | Yearly Change Rate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990-2000 | 2000-2010 | ||||
(thousand ha) | (%) | (thousand ha) | (%) | ||
22,157 | 73 | 457 | 0.3 | -30 | -0.1 |
[Source: FAO 2011 Global Forest Status]
Forest Biomass Carbon Stock and Change (2010)
Forest Biomass Stock (million tons) |
Yearly Change Rate (thousand tons) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 1990-2000 | 2000-2010 |
721 | 802 | 832 | 832 | 8 | 3 |
[Source: FAO 2011 Global Forest Status]
Wood Demand and Supply Status
Category | Unit | Production | Imports | Exports | Consumption |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | - | ||||
Lumber | 1000㎥ | 9,881 | 468 | 5,992 | 4,357 |
Industrial wood | 1000㎥ | 45,965 | 13,371 | 710 | 58,626 |
Wood fuel | 1000㎥ | 4,705 | 242 | 7 | 4,940 |
Wood panel | 1000㎥ | 1,715 | 411 | 1,287 | 839 |
Wood pulp | 1000tons | 12,087 | 396 | 2,226 | 10,257 |
Paper cardboard | 1000tons | 13,549 | 497 | 11,852 | 2,195 |
[Source: FAO 2011 Global Forest Status]
Paraguay
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Website and Contacts
Forest Status Source (FAO 2011 data)
National Territory Area Composition (unit: 1,000 ha)
Category | Forest Land | Other Land | Fresh Water | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Area | 17,582 | 22,148 | 945 | 40,675 |
Forest Composition (unit: 1,000 ha)
Category | Artificial Forest | Raw Forest | Artificial Forest | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Area | 17,582 | 22,148 | 945 | 17,582 |
Ratio | 89.2% | 10.5% | 0.3% | 100.0% |
* Paraguay originally has a very small artificial forest area where foreign species vegetate, so most of the forest is raw forest or natural regeneration forest, and these are populated by domestic species.
East Paraguay Provincial Forest Area and Ratio
Category | Total Area(ha) | Forest Area(ha) | Ratio(%) |
---|---|---|---|
Concepcion | 1,834,525 | 603,130 | 33 |
San Pedro | 2,048,597 | 414,164 | 20 |
Canindeyu | 1,507,559 | 304,404 | 20 |
Amambay | 1,264,469 | 253,888 | 20 |
Alto Parana | 1,384,418 | 130,376 | 9 |
Caaguazu | 1,292,120 | 128,464 | 10 |
Itapua | 1,511,827 | 124,252 | 8 |
Caazpa | 935,122 | 112,586 | 12 |
Guaira | 395,792 | 46,298 | 12 |
Paraguari | 867,518 | 36,087 | 4 |
Cordillera | 471,007 | 25,208 | 5 |
Misiones | 830,192 | 21,077 | 3 |
Central | 230,241 | 1,408 | 1 |
Neembucu | 1,129,093 | 936 | 0 |
Total | 15,702,480 | 2,202,278 | 14 |
< Source : USAID, REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY AND TROPICAL FORESTS IN PARAGUAY >
Australia
Territory and Location
Forest Status
Source : Website of the Department of Agriculture of Australia
Forest area : 125 million ha
Forest occupation rate : 16%/p>
Owns 3% of the world’s forests, 7th largest forest-owning country in the world
Area by forest type
Forest Type | Natural Forest | Industrial Afforestation | Others |
---|---|---|---|
Unit(million ha) | 123 | 2 | 0.15 |
Natural Forest Occupation Rate by Type
Natural Forest Tree Type | Eucalyptus | Acacia | Others |
---|---|---|---|
Ratio | 75% | 8% | 5% |
Artificial forest tree type: pine tree species Pinus radiata (50%), eucalyptus species (50%)
Natural Forest by Area Owned
By Ownership | Area (1,000 ha) | Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|
Multi-purpose public forest | 10,159 | 8 |
Naturally preserved land | 21,478 | 18 |
Other commonwealth national land | 8,146 | 7 |
Private forest | 33,394 | 27 |
Borrowed forest | 48,533 | 40 |
Unresolved ownership | 871 | 1 |
Total natural forest | 122,581 | 100 |
Forest-related Organization
Name: Department of Agriculture
Website: http://www.agriculture.gov.au
Address: 18 Marcus Clarke Street, GPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
Forest Policy
“Afforestation for Australia : 2020 vision ” business
Forest Biodiversity and Protected Area
Forestry Plantation
Sustainable Forest Management
Main Recent Issues of the Forestry Field
Amendment of illegal felling prevention laws(May 31, 2013)
Effort from the government for the future of the wood industry : release of report “Cellulose Fibre Chain”
Carbon Farming Policy
Forestry
Export and Import Status
[Export Quantity and Price Status(end of 2012)]
Category | 2009?10 | 2010?11 | 2011?12 |
---|---|---|---|
Timber | |||
Export quantity(thousand ㎥) | 1,377 | 1,638 | 1,806 |
Price(million AUD) | 138 | 198 | 175 |
Lumber | |||
Exports quantity(thousand㎥) | 387 | 348 | 255 |
Price(million AUD) | 125 | 115 | 88 |
Panel | |||
Exports quantity(thousand㎥) | 166 | 134 | 123 |
Price(million AUD) | 746 | 845 | 800 |
Pulp | |||
Export quantity(kt) | - | - | - |
Price(million AUD) | 13 | 11 | 1 |
[Import quantity and price status(end of 2012)]
Category | 2009?10 | 2010?11 | 2011?12 |
---|---|---|---|
Timber | |||
Import quantity(thousand㎥) | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
Price(million AUD) | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Lumber | |||
Imports quantity(thousand㎥) | 748 | 846 | 791 |
Price(million AUD) | 429 | 473 | 448 |
Panel | |||
Imports quantity(thousand ㎥) | 401 | 462 | 538 |
Price(million AUD) | 3,028 | 3,194 | 3,101 |
Pulp | |||
Import quantity(kt) | 265 | 233 | 256 |
Price(million AUD) | 178 | 180 | 164 |
(Source) ABARES, Agricultural commodity statistics 2012
Uruguay
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Name : Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries
Website : http:magp.gub.uy
Forest Status(data presented by Uruguay in 2014)
National territory area : 175,000km2;(about 17500 thousand ha)
Forest area : 17,888km²(about 1790 thousand ha, 10.2% of the total national territory)
Forest area change
Natural forest management zone (ha) : 150.000
Yearly afforested area (ha) : 27.000
Wood production (FAO 2012)
Category | Unit | Production | Exports | Imports |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plywood | 1,000 m³ | 10,337 | 132 | 6 |
Lumber | 376 | 97 | 13 | |
Plywood | 166 | 107 | 6 | |
Woodchip/Wooden piece | 2,090 | 961 | 0 | |
Charcoal | 1,000 ton | 118 | 1 | 2 |
Wooden pulp | 1,095 | 869 | 25 | |
Paper/Cardboard | 96 | 38 | 60 |
Philippines
Territory and Location
Forest-related Organization
Name : Department of Environment and Natural Resources(DENR)
Website : http://www.denr.gov.ph/
Contacts : +63-2-929-6626
Address : Visayas Avenue, Diliman,1100 Quezon City,P hilippines
Forest Status(FAO 2010)
National territory area : 30 million ha (island state composed of 7,100 islands)
Forest area : 7.7 million ha or 26% of national territory
Forest area change (ha) : 1900 21 million (66%) → 2003 7 million (24%)
Yearly forest increase rate: 1990~2000 (55,000ha, 0.8%) → 2000~2010 (54,000ha, 0.7%)
Wood production and trade
Unit(1,000 m³) | Production | Imports | Exports | Consumption |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wood fuel | 12,581 | 0 | 0 | 12,581 |
Industrial wood | 3,025 | 78 | 7 | 3,095 |
Lumber | 358 | 134 | 215 | 278 |
* Forestry accounted for 12.5% of the national GDP of the 70s, but this shrank to 1.3% in the 90s.
(Growth environment) With yearly average temperature of 22∼23℃ and yearly precipitation of 1,500~4,500mm, it is suitable for tree growth, and there are a lot of species such as nawang, mahogany, and palcata.
Forest policy
There are ongoing projects such as obtainment of forest resources, increase in productivity, and preservation of ecosystem projects, and there is hope for foreign investment.